soci 250 midterm Flashcards
what is culture?
the way we learn how to behave; people LEARN culture
culture is enforced by law
what defines the meaning of a society?
culture
what is a social problem?
a social condition that people view as harmful and requires collective action to remedy
vary and in time and depend on world views
what are 2 reasons for social problems
an individual DOES the action/creates the problem
the government and its economy CREATE the problem
what are claim makers
people that define the problem and put blame on either society or people for the problem (ex: car manufacturer/person driving/pollution)
how are solutions implemented?
the government, depending on their ideology
what is government and what is state?
government: elected and appointed officials
state: people who occupy state agencies (law enforcement, regulatory agents)
how does the left vs right view the functions of the state?
right: the state should not try to solve social problems (charities/non-profits should); they should protect citizenry and secure order
left: the state should solve social problems, distribute power equally, and provide a safety net
how does the state deal with social problems?
always depends on the ideology of the party in power; can ask 3 questions
- in whose interest does the state ask?
- who influences and controls the state?
- to what extent do the general public hold the state accountable?
what is pluralism?
theory that assumes that the state acts as an impartial arbitrator for resolving disputes among interest groups
- the state does NOT favour a particular party/interest group = all groups are equal
what is the problem with pluralism?
state often favours the interest group with the most economic power/benefit
interest groups can distort the public agenda
theory is largely abandoned- it is evident that this is NOT how the world works
pluralism ignores:
power
what are the 2 versions of class theory?
instrumentalism and structuralism
what are the class/marxist theories of the state?
- there is one dominant class in society
- the dominant class has relatively similar interests and try to cohesively protect those interests
- capitalist economy shapes and constrains other institutions making the current elite un-important since they must only protect corporate interest
what is instrumentalism?
the state is only a committee to organize the interests of the ruling class
the state is under DIRECT CONTROL of those who control the economy (the upper class)
the upper class protects its interests by manipulating state policies directly or indirectly pressuring the state to get what they want
according to Domhaff, how does the ruling class assure that they win?
- lobbying government: paying/influencing politicians to vote a certain way
- controlling policy planning organizations
- controlling the candidate selection process (positive ads for their candidates and negative ads for opposing candidates)
- dominating the opinion sharing process
what is structuralism?
the most correct theory
the state is relatively autonomous from the ruling class (no direct control)
autonomy is LIMITED because the state needs to maintain the accumulation of profit within corporations
is structuralism still in favour of the upper class?
yes; the state needs a healthy economy to maintain revenue (economy = controlled by upper class)
when would the state NOT act in the interest of the elite?
times of crisis (war, depressions, social unrest) bec need to please the people
business confidence decreases
what is the power of corporations?
try to counteract by having people work in the public sector; therefore, if corporations lay people off in response to higher taxes the public sector will still be safe
what is ideology
set of beliefs held by an individual or group about sociopolitical goals & the methods to attain them
what is the social policy (role of the state) of the left?
role of the state is to promote social welfare and equality
what is the left’s overarching concern
to fight social and economic inequalities
what are the left’s fundamental assumptions about human nature
collectivism- we’re in this together (people are BORN fundamentally good but become bad/devious due to the world/situations around them
what is the left’s economic policy?
redistribution of wealth between the rich & poor
how does the left see education?
the great equalizer- getting in to university depends where you end up
how does the left see crime?
a function of social ills (poverty, unemployment, inequality, etc…)
how does the left see gays?
forward progress - trying to REDUCE inequalities
how does the right see social policy?
social control (military, order, laws, etc…)
what are the right’s overarching concerns?
tendencies to maintain existing inequalities since they believe these inequalities are correct/fair
what are the right’s fundamental assumptions about human nature?
hierarchy exists- people are born fundamentally flawed/self-interested leading to selfishness that needs to be CONTROLLED by the state
people are individually responsible for their behaviour and have free will & personal choice
what is the right’s economic policy?
meritocracy
- the smartest/best people reach the top and become rich
- the less ambitious become poor and don’t deserve anything more
- being rich or poor depends on AMBITION
how does the right see education?
expensive prices- high prices help enforce the rich stay rich (sending kids to expensive schools)
how does the right view crime?
YOU are to blame
- reprehensible actions committed by individuals who exercise their own free will
- severe punishment is present to deter “rational acts”
how does the right see gays?
backward progress - wanting things to be like the past
why does the right believe that there are way more male CEO’s than female?
because women have less ambition (this is false- the left believe that this proves the meritocracy system is a scam and that women are actually discriminated against)
who views poverty as a personal problem and why?
the right: not smart enough, no ambition, made bad choices
who views poverty as a social problem and why?
left: not enough jobs in a community due to economic cycles, born into a poor situation
what is absolute poverty?
when individuals do not have the basic needs for survival (food, shelter, clothing)
what is relative poverty?
individuals have the basic needs for survival but have living standards below the average living standards of the community they live in
what considers you poor?
if you spend 55% of income on necessities (20% more than average)
what is Low Income Cutoff
a RELATIVE measure of poverty, most widely used measure in canada
conveys the income level at which a family may be in straitened circumstances because it has to spend a greater portion of its income on the basics
poverty is based of the size of the family and size of community
what is Market Based Measure
an ABSOLUTE measure of poverty (if you can’t afford to purchase the bare essential items, then you are POOR)
what is the Poverty Threshold
an ABSOLUTE measure of poverty that looks at FOOD ONLY - based on the cost of a basic diet multiplied by 3, assumes that the poor spend 1/3 of income on food
- if you don’t have enough money to eat, you’re considered poor
how do sociologists say that you’re considered poor?
if you make less than 1/2 of what the average makes, then you’re considered poor
who is poor in USA?
- women: more likely than men
- blacks and latinos are more likely than whites (22-25%)
- foreign born > chance than native born
- single moms with children > chance than other families (HUGE FACTOR 28%)