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Soci 250 Final > Soci 250 Final > Flashcards

Soci 250 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Suffrage Movement (C, 4)

A

1st Wave Early feminist movement
Central aim: Right to vote
- With this other social goals (social reform, legal rights, etc.) = more attainable

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2
Q

Sexism (C, 4)

A

Discrimination and derogatory attitudes and beliefs that promote stereotyping of people based on gender

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3
Q

Who is more likely to commit/be victimized for violent crimes (Tr, 4)

A

Men

  • More likely to have violent jobs
  • Die 5 yrs earlier
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4
Q

Who is more likely to do housework (C, 4)

A

Women, gen X

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5
Q

Willen & Montgomery (Sc, 4)

A

Catch 22 of marriage: Less happy after baby

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6
Q

Percent of employed = women, 1976-2007 (Tr, 4)

A

almost 40% to almost 50%

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7
Q

Glass ceiling (C, 4)

A

Women can have considerable success but can rarely reach and enter the top most positions

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8
Q

Structural functional theory of gender

A
  • Elements in society = interrelated
  • Inequality rewards effectiveness and efficiency (division of labour)
  • Inequality based on value consensus
  • Inequality stems from effective household arrangement, failed to develop w the times
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9
Q

Conflict Theory (Marxist) theory of gender

A
  • Gender inequality comes from struggle for economic + social power
  • Capitalists benefit
  • Forces women to support workforce w/o [ay
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10
Q

Symbolic interactionism theory of gender

A
  • Socialization + labelling shapes gender identities
  • Most variations between M + W are cultural and learned
  • Gendered self develops w gradual socialization - Women learn to do women jobs and see themselves as suited
  • Media, religion, language help maintain differences
  • Double standards = normal
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11
Q

Feminist theory of gender

A
  • Gender inequality = universal

- Favours men

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12
Q

Women vs men sexual offences (Tr, 4)

A

Women 11x more likely to be victims

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13
Q

Men vs women for who kills (Tr, 4)

A 
Men = stranger
Women = intimate partner
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14
Q

Homicide rates for spouses (Tr, 4)

A

Fallen from 0.9 to 0.3

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15
Q

People w lower education and income (Tr, 4)

A

Not more violent than others

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16
Q

Sokoloff and Dupont (Sc, 4)

A

Domestic violence:

- Multicultural approach support use of culturally competent services for victims and perpetrators

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17
Q

Beagan (Sc, 4)

A

Role of women and the food they buy for family health

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18
Q

Percent of Canadians w gambling addiction (St, 8)

A

2% (17% have substance abuse, 67% smokers)

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19
Q

Men vs. women for substance dependance (Tr, 8)

A

Men are almost 3x more likely

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20
Q

Cancer deaths in Ontario (St, 8)

A

1/4 tobacco

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21
Q

Money going to mental illness and addictions in ON economy (St, 8)

A

$34 b

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22
Q

Medicalization (C, 8)

A

The process through which behaviours are reconciled as instances of illness, not sinful, outside of personal control

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23
Q

Uni degree vs. less than high school drinkers (St, 8)

A

25 vs. 25%

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24
Q

Structural functionalism theory of addiction

A
  • Abuse result from social structures influence on people
  • Common as serves social functions
    - Social disorganization theory
    - Merton’s strain theory
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25
Q

Social disorganization theory of addiction

A
  • Institutions that discourage deviant behaviour are less effective w rapid social change
  • Breakdown in community norms = no sense of meaning and moral guidance
  • Relearning/establishing institutions can reduce abuse
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26
Q

Merton’s Strain Theory (Anomie) of addiction

A
  • Abuse = result of incongruence between culturally defined goals and approved means of attaining
  • One adaptation to gap is to abandon efforts to achieve goals, escape
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27
Q

Historical construction of alcoholism (O, 8)

A

Alcoholics and families resist medicalization

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28
Q

Solutions of addiction (O, 8)

A
  • Legalize drugs

- Canada – $245 m over 4 yrs to control drugs

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29
Q

Prohibition vs. decriminalization (O, 8)

A
  • Prohibition produces a large profitable criminal industry

- Decriminalization of weed = decrease costs of enforcement and prosecution, no rate of increase

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30
Q

Nobel prize men vs women

A

545 out of 557 Nobel prizes for science have gone to men

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31
Q

women who say country hasn’t gone far enough when it comes to gender

A

6/10 women

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32
Q

ratio of people who say men have it easier and site pay gap

A

4/10

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33
Q

Male chauvinism

A

Attitudes and actions through which individual males display their sense of superiority over women
- Tend to reduce women to servants catering to the emotional needs of men
eg. bitch, chick, fox
“double shift”

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34
Q

Institutional sexism

A

The subordination of women built into societal institutions.

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35
Q

Durkheim functionalism perspective

A
  • division of labour in society

- Interdependence contributed to social stability and integration

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36
Q

Marx conflict theory

A
  • Saw labour as the principle means by which the

- Work under capitalist system destabilizes society cause it doesn’t allow people to realize true productive potential

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37
Q

What does Durkheim say about automation

A

social disintegration

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38
Q

Trends in changing structure of work

A
  • Shift from agricultural society to industrial society, deindustrialize
  • Increase in bureaucratization
  • Rise in contingency work
  • Globalization
  • Later retirement
  • 3.5 yrs more
  • 15 weeks paid maternity
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39
Q

Canadian unemployment

A

5.5%

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40
Q

Highest unemployment 15-24 and 25+

A

Portugal

Filipino

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41
Q

Highest and lowest unemployment minorities

A

arabs highest

filipino least

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42
Q

Harvard stats

A 
50% white
23% asian
15% black
12% latino
- Based only on academics 43% asian
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43
Q

Assumptions of Beccaria’s theory

A
  • Human beings are rational actors

- The state is responsible for maintaining order and preserving the common good through a system of laws

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44
Q

Classical school of crime

A

Beccaria’s criminal justice - rank order created for punishments

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45
Q

Modern classicism crime

A
  • Specific deterrence: severity of punishment is no more effective than less severe
  • General deterrence: not supported
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46
Q

Somatotyping

A

Sheldon (3 basic body types)

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47
Q

Robert Gordon

A

concluded IQ definitely related to delinquency, genetics not environment behind racial differences
- Each additional kid has 3-5 points lower

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48
Q

Strain theory

A

Assumes that people are law-abiding but when under pressure will resort to crime.

  • Disparity between goals and means is the source of the pressure to commit crime
  • Merton - social structure makes same goals for all people but not all have equal means to aquire ends
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49
Q

Modes of adaptation

A 
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
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50
Q

Control theory (social bond)

A

Assumes deliquent acts will result when one’s bond/ connection to society = weak/brokem

  • Hirschi - not motivational, just lack of control
    • Attachment to to thers
    • commitment to law
    • Involvment in conventional activities
    • Belief in social norms
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51
Q

Self control theory

A
  • Gottfredson and Hirschi

- Self control instilled by parents, poor = crime

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52
Q

Labelling crime

A
  • no act = criminal
  • laws made for more powerful
  • cj perpetrate problems
  • stigmatization
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53
Q

Most crimes

A

Assaults, property (petty theft), Saskatchewan = highest

- Most assault = physical force

54
Q

Likelihood of being murdered in US and why

A

US 6-10 times more likely to be murdered

- Profusion of guns: 25% house has gun, 7/10 murders

55
Q

Anderson

A

“code of street”, nerve

56
Q

Age-crime curve

A

In the absence of genius will go crime route

- All to find best reproductive partner- I have girl, goal achieved

57
Q

Percent of people who smoke 1965, 1999, now

A

50%, 35%, 18%

58
Q

CO2 emissions from cars and meat/dairy

A

15% cars, 18% meat/dairy

59
Q

Sea level change expected by 2100

A

1-4 feet

60
Q

Coal stats

A

China uses most

- Britain & Canada aim to phase it out but are 3% only

61
Q

Fertility rate, highest and lowest, replacement

A

Average fertility rate: 2.6/woman

  • Germany = lowest, 1.4
  • Mali highest = 7.3
  • Replacement: 2.1
62
Q

Lowest life expectancy

A

Zambia, 38

63
Q

Number of people in Europe, percent of pop developed countries

A

Europe: 730 million

17% pop in developed countries

64
Q

Malthusian position

A

Pop grows faster than our capacity to produce food
real risk of pop outgrowing food supply
- positive checks: prevent overpopulation by increasing death rate
- preventative checks: limit number live births

65
Q

Cornucopian view

A

more people = more ingenuity to solve problems

66
Q

Percent of people in 2008 living in urban area

A

50%

67
Q

Capitalism

A

Economic system in which private individuals/corporate groups own means of production and distribution

  • Invest capital to produce goods
  • Competitive free market
68
Q

Socialism

A

Favours public ownership

- Invest in public capital

69
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Driven by the great number of non farm workers and technological developments

  • Increased complexity of market and laid foundation for capitalist system
  • Machines replaced people
  • Cities grew as people seek work in factory towns
70
Q

Postindustrialism

A

Shift from a manufacturing intensive economy to economy based on services and information

71
Q

Structural functionalist perspective of work

A
  • Work basic human need, everyone profits

- Provides basis of social interaction, solidarity, cohesion

72
Q

Conflict perspective of work

A
  • Capitalists benefit from current organization of work
  • Globalization produces jobs
  • Work = place of repression
  • Unemployed depress wages & provide reserve army of labour
73
Q

Symbolic interactionism perspective of work

A
  • Work provides a major part of our identity, labels

- Chronic unemployment = learned trait, culture of poverty perpetuates learned helplessness

74
Q

Percent of sex workers in Canada under 18

A

10-15% under 18

75
Q

Convention 182

A

Law to end all work that is likely to harm the health safety of morals of children

76
Q

Workplace deaths in 1998 to 2011

A

798 to 919

77
Q

Percent of workers injured in 2010

A

1.5% workers got injured in 2010

78
Q

Solutions of unemployment

A

Unemployment interventions
Improve workplace health and safety
Job satisfaction:
- Extrinsic (money, prestige) and intrinsic (job well done) rewards

79
Q

Segmented labour market theory

A

The labour market is stratified and entry and upward mobility are difficult for people with lower education – exclusion and segmentation

80
Q

Human capital theory

A

There is a linear relation between education and job attainment

81
Q

Primary vs secondary labour market

A

High paying jobs that provide good chances to get ahead vs. high turnover low paying unstable jobs

82
Q

Debt w graduation

A

Average of $28,000

83
Q

Coleman report

A

Evaluated educational programs in highly systematic way- unequal academic opportunities and outcomes

  • changes made don’t do much
  • Not true, i.e. school organization, class size, teaching methods
84
Q

Johnson

A

Showed how non-economic factors account for students school performance
- Biggest difference is “good school”, teachers care, etc.

85
Q

Structural functionalism perspective of school

A
  • Function of schooling is to give people the human capital society needs for economic growth
  • Schools socialize people for work world
86
Q

Symbolic interactionism perspective of school

A
  • Schools help people develop identities

- School important for discouraging disadvantaged

87
Q

Credentialism

A

A process of social selection that gives class advantage and social status to people who possess academic advantage

88
Q

Credential inflation

A

People are getting overeducated (Collins), increased labour-market competition results in more workers acquiring more credentials
- In response employers raise required credentials

89
Q

Dorn, Bowen, Blau

A

Dropout theories: students not smart enough
Pullout theory: Class-based, financial reasons
Pushout: Little encouragement, school’s fault

90
Q

Dropout rate fall male vs female

A

Male: 10%
Female: 8%

91
Q

Solutions to Educational social problems

A
  • Teacher quality (narrows average attainment gap w socio economic status)
92
Q

Drop in crime

A
  • Drop of 28%
93
Q

Drop in break ins

A
  • 40% less
94
Q

Percent of homicide victims and charged that are men

A
  • 67% victims

- 88% men

95
Q

person accused of homicide male vs. female

A

male- acquaintances

female- family

96
Q

Victimization increase factors

A
  • Vulnerability
  • Gratifiability
  • Antagonism
97
Q

Structural functionalism perspective of crime

A
  • Crime is normal, universal, unavoidable
    • social disorganization
    • Social bond theory
    • Anomie theory
    • Subculture theory
    • conflict theory
98
Q

Symbolic interactionism perspective of crime

A
  • Social constructionsim

- Labelling theory

99
Q

Social disorganization theory of crime

A
  • Breakdown social norms & rapid social change = crime
  • Disorganization = loss cohesion = crime
  • exposure to violence = more likely
100
Q

Social bond theory of crime

A
  • Hirschi - bond in childhood = prevent temptation of crime
  • explains why people abstain from crime
  • The four elements of social bond theory
101
Q

Subculture theory of crime

A
  • Violence to defend honour
102
Q

Conflict theory of crime

A
  • Inequalities = reason for crime

- laws and dominant ideology protect white collar crimes

103
Q

Anomie theory of crime

A
  • Merton, anomie and strain arise when unequal social opportunities prevent some people from achieving culturally defined goals by legitimate means
  • innovation
  • assumes same values
104
Q

Highest percent of aboriginal youth in jail

A
  • Northwest territories
  • Yukon
  • Manitoba
105
Q

Lutz, Sanderson, Scherbov

A

Negative connection between fertility and population density

106
Q

2 different effects of population pressure on rural economies

A
  • Pressure on existing households to feed and house a growing number of children
  • Increased demand on economy for more jobs
    • both low= extend agriculture
    • both high= develop and intensify agriculture
107
Q

Goode

A
  • Family systems resist change but changes do occur
  • global trend to nuclear family
  • not direct result of industrialization
108
Q

Urban problems

A
  1. Unemployment
  2. Waste disposal
  3. Poverty
109
Q

Gemeinschaft (Tonnies)

A

Social situations in which those involved treat one another as ends rather than means

  • Primary relationships based on sentiment found in rural life
  • Dense networks, elite, intimacy
  • Lost with rural to city life
110
Q

Gesellschaft (Tonnies)

A

Social situations in which those involved treat one another as means rather than ends

  • Secondary relationships based on calculation and individual interest
  • impersonal brief relationships
  • In cities
111
Q

Suburbanization

A

Process of housing spreading into rural regions

  • Expands geographic size of cities and takes out production of agriculture
  • Shifting of affluent out of urban centres and into these areas
112
Q

Authier

A

Contemporary city neighbourhood does not unify or hold disadvantage, only geographic unit that produces socially and spatially differentiated experiences

113
Q

Powdthavee

A

Shadow pricing

  • Estimates monetary value of life satisfaction gained by increase in frequency of interaction with friends relatives and neighbours
  • social involvements worth more than income rises
114
Q

Structural functionalism theory of population

A
  • Includes Malthus theory
  • Demographic transition argues high fertility rates decline to establish new level of population equalibrium
    0 Too rapid urban growth = disorganization
115
Q

Symbolic interactionism theory of population

A
  • Cities contain distinct subcultures

- We have to learn how to live in cities w urban etiquette

116
Q

Gentrification

A 
The restoration and upgrading of deteriorated urban property by middle class or affluent people 
- Results in displacement of lower income people
117
Q

Number of people in areas that lack water supply

A

2.3 b people

118
Q

Environmental kuznets curve

A

Inverse U shape, environmental degradation on y axis

- Capita income on x axis

119
Q

Structural functionalism perspective of environment

A
  • Environment problems result naturally from pop. growth, density, and specialization
  • Cultural ideologies support ecologically harmful practices (e.g. materialism and growth ethic emphasize and encourage discarding old)
120
Q

Conflict theory perspective of environment

A
  • Environmental problems negatively affect ht poor more often and more severely
  • Solution is redistribution of wealth, collective action of underclass needed
  • e.g. cornucopian view of nature - nature = endless store house for humans
  • e.g. growth ethic - economic growth is good no matter consequences
  • e.g. individualism - forefronts personal goals and desires over collectif interests, opposite = tragedy of commons
121
Q

Feminist theory perspective of environment

A
  • Ecofeminism links destruction of environment and male-centric political and corporate worlds
  • Domination over women and nature leads to inequality and degradation
122
Q

Tragedy of commons

A

Market system based on capitalist belief that economies work best when left alone
- with self interested acts it may work against common good

123
Q

Greenwashing

A

Promoting false ideas about the environment friendliness of certain commercial products
- part of symbolic interactionism

124
Q

Air quality decrease form 2000 to 2010 in US

A

11% decrease

125
Q

How much has the antarctic ozone hole shrunk from 2003 to 2004

A

20%

126
Q

September arctic sea ice loss percent per decade

A

-12% per decade

Antarctica loses more than 100 km cubed per year

127
Q

Canada’s per capita water consumption percent above OECD average

A

65% above

128
Q

Percent of ill preventible ill health in world from poor environmental quality

A

25%

129
Q

Risk society

A

Society in which risk is increased by tech and economic developments

  • Raises need for conscious awareness
  • active risk taking considered a core element of economic and social progress
130
Q

Types of voluntary simplicity environment

A

Downshifters: consumption only moderately reduced
Strong simplification: Significant reduction in consumerism
Holistic simplification: People change entire lifestyle to ensure smaller global footprint

Soci 250 Final (1 decks)

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