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SOCI 211 > SOCI 211 Midterm > Flashcards

SOCI 211 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is sociology

A

It is the scientific study of the social lives of individuals, groups and societies. It helps understand the behaviours, beliefs and feelings around us

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2
Q

Micro sociology

A

Personal concerns, interpersonal concerns (doctor-patient)

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3
Q

Macro sociology

A

large scale social systems

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4
Q

Agency

A

ability to act (free will)

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5
Q

Structure

A

patterned social arrangements that may constrain choices and opportunities

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6
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

personal experiences are powerfully shaped by macro social and historical forces. It also links micro and micro and agency to structure

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7
Q

Research

A

systematic way to gather information

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8
Q

Social science research

A

applying the scientific method to individuals, societies and social processes

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9
Q

Steps to conduct research

A
  1. Identify question
  2. construct hypothesis
  3. gather data
  4. analyze data
  5. draw and report conclusions
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10
Q

Why apply the scientific method

A

To avoid…
biases and incorrect assumptions
Common errors in reasoning and how does research address them
selective observation
overgeneralization
illogical reasoning
resistance to change

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11
Q

The research process

A

Theory
hypothesis
data
empirical findings

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12
Q

Why do we cite

A

Misusing others work/intellectual property
claiming it is yours
to avoid plagiarism
to give credit
to document the intellectual path

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13
Q

What is plagiarism

A

the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own

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14
Q

Qualitative methods

A

Ways of collecting data that yield results such as words or pictures
substance

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15
Q

Quantitative methods

A

Ways of collecting data that can be represented by and condensed into numbers
counting

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16
Q

Good sociological questions are…

A

socially important
scientifically relevant
feasible
value free

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17
Q

Descriptive research

A

documents or describes trends, variations and patterns of social phenomena
It explains what, but not how or why
quantitive and qualitative methods

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18
Q

Exploratory Research

A

how particular processes and dynamics
qualitative methods

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19
Q

Explanatory research

A

answers why
comparison/differences-> casualty
often motivated by descriptive/exploratory research

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20
Q

Booth, Colomb and William’s approach

A

focuses on the process of identifying research questions

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21
Q

Identifying a research question

A

pick up a topic
turn a topic into a question
identify the significance
(answer the so what)

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22
Q

Research question example

A

I want to learn…
Because I want to help my leader understand…
In order to…

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23
Q

Cross-sectional

A

one point in time

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24
Q

Repeated cross-sectional

A

same study administered to a new sample of interviewees at successive time points, every 5 years…

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25
Q

Panel

A

cohort study
involves the collection of data over time from a baseline sample of respondents

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26
Q

Unit of analysis

A

states
cities
neighbourhoods
individuals
refers to the level of social life about which we want to generalize
what you want to generalize will determine what your unit of analysis is going to be

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27
Q

Ecology fallacy

A

making conclusions of the wrong unit of analysis
for example: study of neighborhoods but you talked about people

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28
Q

Unit of analysis again

A

what is being studied
the things we examine or compare
the analysis you do in your study determines what the unit is
must be multiple of whatever you are studying
can be different from unit of observation

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29
Q

Boys who play sports do better in school than boys who do not play sports

A

unit of analysis: boys
unit of observation: boys

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30
Q

Neighborhoods with high unemployment rates have higher rates of crime

A

unit of analysis: neighborhoods
unit of observation: individuals

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31
Q

Members of environmental groups are arrested more than abortion activists

A

unit of analysis: individuals
unit of observation: individuals

32
Q

Black gangs are involved in dense networks, whereas the hispanic gangs are in a star-like network with latin kings in the centre

A

unit of analysis: gangs
unit of observation: individuals (gang members)

33
Q

Core aspects of social research

A

Basic (pure science) vs. applied (applied science)

34
Q

Theory

A

logically interrelated set of propositions
use to guide your research
helps you connect your specific question to larger sociological issues
helps identify important questions

35
Q

(t)heory

A

set of logical propositions
sequential arguments
series of logically related statements
part of all (good) social research

36
Q

(T)heory

A

e.g. critical race Theory
particular set of statements
frameworks
widely known (Marx, conflict theory)

37
Q

Relations among concepts within a theory

A

positive relation -> same up or down
negative relation -> more of one, less than other
mediation-> linking concept
moderation-> conditioning concept
spuriousness-> confounding variable ( both caused by something else)
reverse causation/ reciprocal relationship-> concept 2 causes concept 1

38
Q

Inductive

A

builds theory
observe patterns and build up to an explanation
an analysis finds married people are healthier and the develops a theory

39
Q

Deductive

A

test theory
create an argument to organize and guide empirical activities
a sociologist reads Durkheim’s readings/theories and designs a study to test it

40
Q

Logic systems (deductive)

A

theory
hypothesis
observations
confirmation

41
Q

Inductive

A

theory
tentative hypothesis
pattern
observation

42
Q

From a topic to data

A

Broad concept/topic
well defined concept
variable
attributes

43
Q

Why ethics

A

previous unethical research
strict guidelines for conducting research
current unethical research

44
Q

Core ethical principles

A

very different between Canada and US but many of the core are the same

45
Q

US principles of the Belmont report

A

respect
beneficence (responsibility to do good, minimize the justice (fair)

46
Q

Canada

A

respect for persons (consent, autonomy)
concern for welfare (quality of the research process)
Justice (impact of research and their health)

47
Q

Ethical considerations

A

study design/research question
study recruitment
study implementation

48
Q

Supporting more ethical research

A

ethical boards for review
informed consent
data management strategies
limiting conflicts of interest

49
Q

Hypothesis

A

formal: critical step in deductive process
informal/tentative: critical step in the inductive process
it is a specific expectation or prediction
proposes a relationship between 2 or more variables (include direction of association)
most framed as if…then

50
Q

Hypothesis- continued

A

can never be proven
only disproven
casual: implied about associations

51
Q

From research questions to hypothesis

A

conceptualization (broad concepts are defined)
specify relationship (difference/association)

52
Q

Conceptualization

A

the process of specifying what we mean by a term

53
Q

Deductive research

A

move from abstract or idea to specific variables in a hypothesis

54
Q

Inductive research

A

used to make sense of related observations

55
Q

Operationalization

A

each concept must be measured independently
measure your concept with variables

56
Q

Variables

A

a characteristic or property that can vary

57
Q

Independent variable

A

a variable that is hypothesized to cause/lead to/ be associated with variation in another variable

58
Q

Dependent variable

A

a variable that is hypothesized to vary depending on, or under the influence of another variable

59
Q

Attributes (indicators of variables)

A

Exhaustive: every unit must fit somewhere
necessary condition
Mutually exclusive:
every unit of measurement must only fit in one place and it is not always necessary

60
Q

Nominal

A

categorical
name of something
not ordered in anyway (gender, sex, race)

61
Q

ordinal

A

can rank-order
strongly agree… disagree

62
Q

Interval

A

rank with order
equal distance between attributes
IQ, temperaturesR

63
Q

Ratio

A

qualities of nominal, ordinal, interval plus has a true zero value
(age, years you lived in mtl)

64
Q

treatment vs. control group

A

tool for ensuring proper study population
groups have different values of independent variable/concept

65
Q

Women in married-couple households are expected to spend more time doing housework than women in any other living situation

A

treatment: women in married couple household
control: women in other living situations
Independent: woman’s living situation
dependent: time doing household wokr

66
Q

If school resources are greater, then student outcomes would be better

A

treatment: schools with a lot of resources
control: schools with not a lot of resources
dependent: student outcomes
independent: school resources

67
Q

Schools with a higher proportion of teachers holding masters degrees have greater graduation rates

A

unit of analysis: schools
unit of observation: individuals (teachers and students in the schools)

68
Q

5 criteria for establishing causality

A
  1. correlation/ association
  2. Time order
  3. Spuriousness
  4. Casual mechanisms
  5. casual context
69
Q

casual context

A

a step in identifying causality is assessing/describing the conditions under which the relationship holds

70
Q

Correlation

A

there is a relationship between y and x
a systematic relationship between the 2 variables

71
Q

Time order

A

x: drinking on Friday-> y: exam grade on monday
vs.
x: final exam grades-> driving over winter break

72
Q

Non-spuriousness

A

is there something else causing this correlation

73
Q

spuriousness

A

when two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (z-variable)

74
Q

Reflexivity

A

the examination of one’s own beliefs, judgments and practices during the research process and how these may have influenced the research.

75
Q

subjectivity

A

how someone’s judgment is shaped by personal opinions and feelings instead of outside influences

76
Q
A

SOCI 211 (1 decks)

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