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soci 101 final Flashcards

1
Q

Fordism

A

Organizations system based up:
1. Standardization
2. Specialized equipment, assembly lines, semi- and unskilled labor
3. A growth machine based upon mass production and mass consumption
4. Management and labor accord; increased wages in exchange for oppressive and repressive work

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2
Q

Families as a Unit of Consumption

A

Buying the newest goods to solidify the good provider role

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3
Q

Max Weber and Power

A

· Weber argues that power is the ability to exercise one’s
will over others
· This is accomplished through authority; the Acceptance
by people to follow specific procedures
· Traditional: legitimized through long standing custom(s)
· Charismatic: based on dynamic personality and personal
qualities
· Legal-Rational: Authority resides in the office and not in
the person

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3
Q

Generalized Reciprocity (Swyers)

A

Exchanges with others without the expectation of immediate return

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3
Q

Credentialism

A
  • The overemphasis on a credential (college degree) to
    indicate qualification or status
  • The credential does not necessarily correspond to an
    equal increase in job requirements
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3
Q

Geeksploitation

A

Taking advantage of no-collar employees who desired creative-work, friendly workplaces, and the sharing of knowledge

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3
Q

Iron Cage of Bureaucracy

A

Excessive rationality of the system leads to following the system to meet the ends and justify the system

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4
Q

Social Capital

A

The relationships, norms, and trust between individuals that facilitate action in others

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5
Q

Durkheim-Sacred vs. Profane

A

Sacred: spaces and practices that are considered extraordinary and special. These tend to bring about unity within groups

Profane: That which is mundane and ordinary. Tend to be individual, not group, concerns

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6
Q

Frederick Winslow Taylor (Taylorism)

A

Time motion studies to find the most efficient method to complete a task

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7
Q

Nuclear Family

A

The familial form consisting of two parents and children

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8
Q

Wedding Industrial Complex

A
  • Chrys Ingraham argues that marriage is promoted by
    financial interests
  • Increased markets = increased profits
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9
Q

Prescriptive Structure

A

Clear-cut rules as to who holds which position and how much power they have within the group

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10
Q

McDonaldization (Ritzer)

A

Rationalized processes begin to expand all aspects of society:
- Efficiency
- Calculability (quantifying everything)
- Predictability (standardization)
- Control (conformity in employees and customers)

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11
Q

Imagined Communities (Benedict Anderson)

A
  • Argues that national identities are imagined communities
    and the result of socio-political constructions
  • The rise of nations after the feudal era required a sense
    of unity
  • Nations are too large for everyone to know, or come into
    contact with, other member os the group (nation)
  • Individuals “imagine” that there is something that binds
    people together; eg. borders, ideas, camaraderie
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12
Q

Propinquity

A

James Bossard found that nearness and repeated interaction influences mate selection

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13
Q

Service Sector Economy

A
  • Economy focused on providing services rather than
    producing goods
  • The service economy is marked by:
    • lower wage jobs
    • Greater employment instability
    • Reduction in benefits
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14
Q

Taking Care (Swyers)

A

Expressing an interest or concern for others (Ex: The Regulars, the team, Wrigley Field)

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15
Q

Industrial Time (Swyers)

A

The rationalization and standardization of society necessary for capitalist economies

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16
Q

Family as a Unit of Production

A
  • Pre and early industrial families worked together to
    provide a sustainable lifestyle
  • Industrialization removes the father from the home
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17
Q

Remarriage as an Incomplete Institution (Cherlin)

A
  • Remarries families face more barriers than first marriage
    families
  • Remarried families are at a greater risk for another
    divorce
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18
Q

Taboo

A

A ban or prohibition of a behavior or utterance imposed by a social group (The Regulars and Cubs announcers consider “the wave” to fall under this definition)

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19
Q

Boundary-less Career

A
  • The gig-economy
    § Advantages:
    • Transient relationships between different employers
    • Portable skilled and flexible opportunity
      § Disadvantages:
    • Lack of stability
    • Possible lack of benefits or intermittent benefits
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20
Q

Max Weber: Types of Authority

A

· Authority: the acceptance by people to follow specific
procedures

· Traditional: Legitimized through long standing custom(s)

· Charismatic: Based on dynamic personality and personal
qualities

· Legal-Rational: authority resides in the office not the
person

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21
Q

Hierarchy

A
  • Ranking of members in social groups by power, influence,
    and ability
  • The narratives in the bleachers help to establish
    hierarchy within the community
  • Those who know the history tend to be long time
    members (seniority)
  • Telling stories that they have experiences marks their
    time as a member of the community
  • The most senior member sits in the “death seat”
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22
Q

Wealth Work

A

Jobs that cater to the whims of the wealthy. Predominantly white collar esq. labor

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23
Q

Working Poor

A

Those persons working but still falling below the official poverty line

24
Q

Boundary Maintenance (Swyers)

A

The ways in which societies and groups maintain distinctions between themselves and others

25
Q

Free Trade

A

Policies based on open, non-discriminatory, trade, i.e. little to no tariffs and taxes on imports or exports

26
Q

Lynd Study (Middletown)

A

· Robert and Helen Merrell Lynd studies Middletown to chart the effects of industrialization on communities
- Many people knew (at least) the names of the
important people in the community
- The community valued education but disliked
academic learning
- Spent much of their free time in non-constructive
activities
- Political views and sense of individualism remain
strong
- They concluded that even after economic upheaval,
the community remained relatively unchanged
- Communities are resilient

27
Q

Arlie Hochschild (Emotional Geography)

A

The emotional geography of work and family life
· Reasons behind the work/life speed-up:
- More women entered the workforce after WW2
- Women are now in jobs that are less flexible
§ The workplace model is still structured around the
male as the provider
- Over the past decades, both males and females have
increased work responsibilities
§ Promotion and job security is viewed as being linked
to being visible in the workplace

28
Q

Homogamy

A

The tendency to select mates/partners based on similarities

29
Q

Rituals (Swyers)

A
  • Rituals signify membership into a group. Building a sense
    of belonging
  • Rituals provide an identity within oneself and others as
    being part of the community or group
30
Q

Fictive Kin

A

Social relationships based on friendship, rather than blood or marital connections

31
Q

Semiotics

A

System of signs that provide meaning and are accepted by members of the group

32
Q

Functionalist View of Family

A

· Family is the keystone of society
· Traditional gender roles are necessary for the proper
functioning of the family unit
· The nuclear family model (father, mother, children) is the
best for contemporary industrial society
· Marriage is the only state in which procreation should
occur
· The weakening on the family structure is the root of many
social problems:
- Poverty
- Juvenile delinquency
- Substance abuse
- Teen pregnancy
- Women in the workplace
- Women in the workplace
- Adultery
· Changes in society are the result of change in the family
structure

33
Q

The Second Shift

A

Referring to house work, childcare, and elder care dis-proportionally done by women

34
Q

No-collar Workers

A

Workers that seek meaning and satisfaction from their job

35
Q

New (flexible) Economy

A

Labor response change in the market

36
Q

Gesellschaft (society)

A

Social relations motivated through Kurville (arbitrary will). Interactions are marked by being indirect, impersonal, and self-interested

37
Q

Feminist View of Family

A
  • Family structures must adapt so to provide a safe and
    nurturing space for all family members
  • Changes in the family structure are the result of changes
    in other social structures: economy, education,
    workplace, etc…
  • Social problems are not a direct result of changes in the
    family form
38
Q

Performative Structure

A

Structure created through accepting roles and establishing rules; no formal coordination

39
Q

Collective Effervescence

A

A feeling of belonging through collective ritual action; Durkheim argues that this is necessary for creating a sense of social cohesionPo

40
Q

Positive Rites

A
  • Actions that are expected to be performed and carried
    out by members of the group or society
  • Positive Rites offer a sense of agency over actions that
    are beyond the control of the individual(s) and the group
  • “success” reinforces the practices of the group
41
Q

Cult of Domesticity

A

The beliefs that true womanhood centers on child rearing and domestic duties

42
Q

Underemployment

A

Not working the desired amount of time (hours) or work that does not utilize one’s full abilities or skills

43
Q

Serial Monogamy

A

The practice of an individual marrying several times but only after each prior marriage has ended in death or divorce

44
Q

Negative Rites

A
  • Actions that are considered taboo by the group or society
    and should be voided
  • Violation of a Negative Rite is taboo. A practice that goes
    against the beliefs and norms of the group
45
Q

Emotional Cultures

A

The rituals and practices that become sacred and special for one’s self and group

46
Q

Gemeinschaft (community)

A

Social groupings motivated by Wesenwille (essential will) between members. Personal relationships that were founded on traditional rules, natural emotions, and sentiments

47
Q

Superstition

A

Engaging in behaviors in response to events and situation that are not open to their own human agency

48
Q

Marriage Markets

A

Spaces and populations for finding potential partners and mates

49
Q

Invisible Labor

A

The unseen and unpaid work that is put in to maintain the family

50
Q

Narrative

A

The creation of meaning through stories that define our lives

51
Q

Off-Shoring

A

The decision to move pat, or all, of a company’s operations overseas so to minimize costs

52
Q

Sandwich Generation

A

The generation that is caring for both their children and their aging parents

53
Q

Footing (Swyers)

A
  • The interactions, gestures, AND the implicit
    understanding of the relationships of all people in the
    community, group, and society
  • The framework that allows individuals to understand the
    situation
  • Footing is necessary to the ritual and group cohesion
54
Q

Globalization

A

The interaction of economies, societies, and cultures on a global scale

55
Q

World Systems Theory

A

Core Countries: wealthy, militarily strong, and hold significant social power and colonial power

Peripheral Countries: poor, have exploitable resources, and do not possess great social stability or government

Semi-peripheral Countries: some of the characteristics of core and peripheral countries

External Areas: countries or regions that fall outside of the scope of the World Systems Theory

56
Q

Outsourcing

A

Contracting out, or doing jobs elsewhere, that were done in house

57
Q

Shunning

A

A social control mechanism in close-knit groups used to punish individuals who serious violate the rules of the group

58
Q

Boomerang Generation

A

Young adults returning home to live with parents out of college
- Lack of job opportunities
- Accumulated debt
- Housing issues/cost of rent

59
Q

Fair Trade

A

Trade agreements that seek equity in the international markets. Policies that promote decent working conditions and “fair prices for farmers/workers”

60
Q

Bureaucracy (Max Weber)

A

· Bureaucracy (rationality) constrains our freedoms
· Modern societies are more complex and rational
· The bureaucracy is the best for operating large
organizations
· The bureaucracy relies on:
- Strict rules and regulations
- Promotion based upon merit
- Decision without emotion
- Power residing in the office and not the person

61
Q

Post-industrial Economy

A

· The service economy:
- Economy focused on providing services rather than
producing goods
· The service economy is marked by:
- Lower wage jobs
- Greater employment stability
- Reduction in benefits

62
Q

Pink Collar Workers

A

Jobs that are predominantly held by women and usually compensated at lower rates than are jobs held by men

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