soci 101 final Flashcards
Fordism
Organizations system based up:
1. Standardization
2. Specialized equipment, assembly lines, semi- and unskilled labor
3. A growth machine based upon mass production and mass consumption
4. Management and labor accord; increased wages in exchange for oppressive and repressive work
Families as a Unit of Consumption
Buying the newest goods to solidify the good provider role
Max Weber and Power
· Weber argues that power is the ability to exercise one’s
will over others
· This is accomplished through authority; the Acceptance
by people to follow specific procedures
· Traditional: legitimized through long standing custom(s)
· Charismatic: based on dynamic personality and personal
qualities
· Legal-Rational: Authority resides in the office and not in
the person
Generalized Reciprocity (Swyers)
Exchanges with others without the expectation of immediate return
Credentialism
- The overemphasis on a credential (college degree) to
indicate qualification or status - The credential does not necessarily correspond to an
equal increase in job requirements
Geeksploitation
Taking advantage of no-collar employees who desired creative-work, friendly workplaces, and the sharing of knowledge
Iron Cage of Bureaucracy
Excessive rationality of the system leads to following the system to meet the ends and justify the system
Social Capital
The relationships, norms, and trust between individuals that facilitate action in others
Durkheim-Sacred vs. Profane
Sacred: spaces and practices that are considered extraordinary and special. These tend to bring about unity within groups
Profane: That which is mundane and ordinary. Tend to be individual, not group, concerns
Frederick Winslow Taylor (Taylorism)
Time motion studies to find the most efficient method to complete a task
Nuclear Family
The familial form consisting of two parents and children
Wedding Industrial Complex
- Chrys Ingraham argues that marriage is promoted by
financial interests - Increased markets = increased profits
Prescriptive Structure
Clear-cut rules as to who holds which position and how much power they have within the group
McDonaldization (Ritzer)
Rationalized processes begin to expand all aspects of society:
- Efficiency
- Calculability (quantifying everything)
- Predictability (standardization)
- Control (conformity in employees and customers)
Imagined Communities (Benedict Anderson)
- Argues that national identities are imagined communities
and the result of socio-political constructions - The rise of nations after the feudal era required a sense
of unity - Nations are too large for everyone to know, or come into
contact with, other member os the group (nation) - Individuals “imagine” that there is something that binds
people together; eg. borders, ideas, camaraderie
Propinquity
James Bossard found that nearness and repeated interaction influences mate selection
Service Sector Economy
- Economy focused on providing services rather than
producing goods - The service economy is marked by:
- lower wage jobs
- Greater employment instability
- Reduction in benefits
Taking Care (Swyers)
Expressing an interest or concern for others (Ex: The Regulars, the team, Wrigley Field)
Industrial Time (Swyers)
The rationalization and standardization of society necessary for capitalist economies
Family as a Unit of Production
- Pre and early industrial families worked together to
provide a sustainable lifestyle - Industrialization removes the father from the home
Remarriage as an Incomplete Institution (Cherlin)
- Remarries families face more barriers than first marriage
families - Remarried families are at a greater risk for another
divorce
Taboo
A ban or prohibition of a behavior or utterance imposed by a social group (The Regulars and Cubs announcers consider “the wave” to fall under this definition)
Boundary-less Career
- The gig-economy
§ Advantages:- Transient relationships between different employers
- Portable skilled and flexible opportunity
§ Disadvantages: - Lack of stability
- Possible lack of benefits or intermittent benefits
Max Weber: Types of Authority
· Authority: the acceptance by people to follow specific
procedures
· Traditional: Legitimized through long standing custom(s)
· Charismatic: Based on dynamic personality and personal
qualities
· Legal-Rational: authority resides in the office not the
person
Hierarchy
- Ranking of members in social groups by power, influence,
and ability - The narratives in the bleachers help to establish
hierarchy within the community - Those who know the history tend to be long time
members (seniority) - Telling stories that they have experiences marks their
time as a member of the community - The most senior member sits in the “death seat”
Wealth Work
Jobs that cater to the whims of the wealthy. Predominantly white collar esq. labor
Working Poor
Those persons working but still falling below the official poverty line
Boundary Maintenance (Swyers)
The ways in which societies and groups maintain distinctions between themselves and others
Free Trade
Policies based on open, non-discriminatory, trade, i.e. little to no tariffs and taxes on imports or exports
Lynd Study (Middletown)
· Robert and Helen Merrell Lynd studies Middletown to chart the effects of industrialization on communities
- Many people knew (at least) the names of the
important people in the community
- The community valued education but disliked
academic learning
- Spent much of their free time in non-constructive
activities
- Political views and sense of individualism remain
strong
- They concluded that even after economic upheaval,
the community remained relatively unchanged
- Communities are resilient
Arlie Hochschild (Emotional Geography)
The emotional geography of work and family life
· Reasons behind the work/life speed-up:
- More women entered the workforce after WW2
- Women are now in jobs that are less flexible
§ The workplace model is still structured around the
male as the provider
- Over the past decades, both males and females have
increased work responsibilities
§ Promotion and job security is viewed as being linked
to being visible in the workplace
Homogamy
The tendency to select mates/partners based on similarities
Rituals (Swyers)
- Rituals signify membership into a group. Building a sense
of belonging - Rituals provide an identity within oneself and others as
being part of the community or group
Fictive Kin
Social relationships based on friendship, rather than blood or marital connections
Semiotics
System of signs that provide meaning and are accepted by members of the group
Functionalist View of Family
· Family is the keystone of society
· Traditional gender roles are necessary for the proper
functioning of the family unit
· The nuclear family model (father, mother, children) is the
best for contemporary industrial society
· Marriage is the only state in which procreation should
occur
· The weakening on the family structure is the root of many
social problems:
- Poverty
- Juvenile delinquency
- Substance abuse
- Teen pregnancy
- Women in the workplace
- Women in the workplace
- Adultery
· Changes in society are the result of change in the family
structure
The Second Shift
Referring to house work, childcare, and elder care dis-proportionally done by women
No-collar Workers
Workers that seek meaning and satisfaction from their job
New (flexible) Economy
Labor response change in the market
Gesellschaft (society)
Social relations motivated through Kurville (arbitrary will). Interactions are marked by being indirect, impersonal, and self-interested
Feminist View of Family
- Family structures must adapt so to provide a safe and
nurturing space for all family members - Changes in the family structure are the result of changes
in other social structures: economy, education,
workplace, etc… - Social problems are not a direct result of changes in the
family form
Performative Structure
Structure created through accepting roles and establishing rules; no formal coordination
Collective Effervescence
A feeling of belonging through collective ritual action; Durkheim argues that this is necessary for creating a sense of social cohesionPo
Positive Rites
- Actions that are expected to be performed and carried
out by members of the group or society - Positive Rites offer a sense of agency over actions that
are beyond the control of the individual(s) and the group - “success” reinforces the practices of the group
Cult of Domesticity
The beliefs that true womanhood centers on child rearing and domestic duties
Underemployment
Not working the desired amount of time (hours) or work that does not utilize one’s full abilities or skills
Serial Monogamy
The practice of an individual marrying several times but only after each prior marriage has ended in death or divorce
Negative Rites
- Actions that are considered taboo by the group or society
and should be voided - Violation of a Negative Rite is taboo. A practice that goes
against the beliefs and norms of the group
Emotional Cultures
The rituals and practices that become sacred and special for one’s self and group
Gemeinschaft (community)
Social groupings motivated by Wesenwille (essential will) between members. Personal relationships that were founded on traditional rules, natural emotions, and sentiments
Superstition
Engaging in behaviors in response to events and situation that are not open to their own human agency
Marriage Markets
Spaces and populations for finding potential partners and mates
Invisible Labor
The unseen and unpaid work that is put in to maintain the family
Narrative
The creation of meaning through stories that define our lives
Off-Shoring
The decision to move pat, or all, of a company’s operations overseas so to minimize costs
Sandwich Generation
The generation that is caring for both their children and their aging parents
Footing (Swyers)
- The interactions, gestures, AND the implicit
understanding of the relationships of all people in the
community, group, and society - The framework that allows individuals to understand the
situation - Footing is necessary to the ritual and group cohesion
Globalization
The interaction of economies, societies, and cultures on a global scale
World Systems Theory
Core Countries: wealthy, militarily strong, and hold significant social power and colonial power
Peripheral Countries: poor, have exploitable resources, and do not possess great social stability or government
Semi-peripheral Countries: some of the characteristics of core and peripheral countries
External Areas: countries or regions that fall outside of the scope of the World Systems Theory
Outsourcing
Contracting out, or doing jobs elsewhere, that were done in house
Shunning
A social control mechanism in close-knit groups used to punish individuals who serious violate the rules of the group
Boomerang Generation
Young adults returning home to live with parents out of college
- Lack of job opportunities
- Accumulated debt
- Housing issues/cost of rent
Fair Trade
Trade agreements that seek equity in the international markets. Policies that promote decent working conditions and “fair prices for farmers/workers”
Bureaucracy (Max Weber)
· Bureaucracy (rationality) constrains our freedoms
· Modern societies are more complex and rational
· The bureaucracy is the best for operating large
organizations
· The bureaucracy relies on:
- Strict rules and regulations
- Promotion based upon merit
- Decision without emotion
- Power residing in the office and not the person
Post-industrial Economy
· The service economy:
- Economy focused on providing services rather than
producing goods
· The service economy is marked by:
- Lower wage jobs
- Greater employment stability
- Reduction in benefits
Pink Collar Workers
Jobs that are predominantly held by women and usually compensated at lower rates than are jobs held by men
