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SOCI 101 > SOCI 101 exam II > Flashcards

SOCI 101 exam II Flashcards

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1
Q

Breaching experiment

A

an experiment that seeks to examine people’s reactions to violations of commonly accepted social rules or norms

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2
Q

The myth of race (Omi and Winant)

A

argues that race is a social construction.

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3
Q

Culture of Poverty

A

the belief that poor people adopt certain practices that are different from those in the middle class.

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4
Q

Social Regulation

A

the number of rules guiding your daily life. What you expect from the world on a day-to-day basis

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5
Q

Stratification (Max Weber)

A

stems from a combination of class and status

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6
Q

Disciplinary techniques

A

modes of monitoring, examining, and regulating that are diffused through society

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7
Q

Latent functions

A

covert or unintended functions of an institution

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8
Q

Assimilation

A

the process of foregoing one’s cultural traditions and replacing them with the behaviors and practices of the new dominant culture

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9
Q

White Collar Crime (Edward Sutherland)

A

any offense committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other institutions example: embezzlement, fraud

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10
Q

Jeremy Bentham (“The Gaze”)

A
  • perfected a system that made monitoring, and therefore discipline, more efficient
  • Panopticon (Observe all)
  • the prisoners begin to monitor themselves
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11
Q

Social Integration

A

the level to which one is connected to the social group or community

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12
Q

Charismatic authority

A

based on dynamic personality and personal qualities

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13
Q

Functionalist view of stratification

A
  • Certain tasks are vital for society
  • Vital tasks require specialization and receive greater rewards
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14
Q

Social learning theory

A

individuals learn to be deviant. Behaviors are learned through interaction with others. The interactions teach meaning and norms associated with the behavior.

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15
Q

Cultural Capital

A

the cultural and social class resources that people inherit and learn to use to their advantage

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16
Q

Discreditable stigma

A

a hidden “mark” that has the potential to spoil one’s identity

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17
Q

Horizontal mobility

A

changing social status within the same class level

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18
Q

Formal Sanctions

A

social control through rules or laws that prohibit deviant or criminal behavior

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19
Q

Panopticon

A

observe all

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20
Q

Meritocracy

A

status and mobility based upon individual attributes, ability, and achievement

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21
Q

Legal-Rational authority

A

authority resides in the office and not in the person

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22
Q

De facto segregation

A

a subtle process of segregation other than from official policy (housing, employment, etc.)

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23
Q

Othering

A

seeking to characterize a minority group as fundamentally different from the majority group. Establishing them as alien or threat

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24
Q

Civil court

A

Torts Stipulation: A condition placed upon businesses (low Stigma)
Disit Order: A stop action for violations of stipulations (low to moderate stigma)
Injunction: Command to not engage in an action (moderate stigma)

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25
Q

Criminal Court

A

Crimes: go to jail (high stigma)
Retribution: exacting a punishment; incarnation

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26
Q

Discrimination

A

harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category

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27
Q

Stanley Milgram study

A
  • Shock experiment
  • people will likely follow orders, even harmful ones, when instructed by an accepted authority figure
28
Q

Labeling theory (David Rosenhan)

A

individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them. Over time these labels form the basis of their self identity

29
Q

Vilfredo Pareto

A
  • The (Vilfredo) Pareto Principle
  • 80% of all effects come from 20% of all causes
30
Q

Elite-mass dichotomy

A

a system of stratification where a governing elite hold broad power over society

31
Q

White denial

A

a lack of perception as to the existence of prejudice. Discrimination and racism in society

32
Q

Systemic discrimination

A

racism that permeates systems of economy, education, criminal justice, political, medical/health, etc. institutions

33
Q

Crime as normal (Emilie Durkheim)

A
  • All societies have some form of crime
  • Crime is normal for a society
  • Crime is healthy for society as it helps the society (norms) to shift, progress
  • Lack of crime (deviance) stagnates the society and is therefore pathological
34
Q

Discredited Stigma

A

a “mark” that is obvious and spoils one’s identity

35
Q

Vertical mobility

A

movement up or down, the social hierarchy system

36
Q

Functional alternatives

A

different or similar social patterns and policies that provide positive functions without the dysfunctions

37
Q

Eugenics (H.H Goddard)

A
  • controlling of fertility to influence inherited traits
  • H.H. Goddard contracted to test immigrants at Ellis Island. The majority were deemed to be inferior.
38
Q

Social Control

A

mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

39
Q

Pluralism

A

the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society.

40
Q

Traditional Authority

A

when a person or organization has power or influence derived from long-standing customs, beliefs, or traditions

41
Q

Racialization

A

formation of a new racial identity around a formally unnoticed group of people

42
Q

Informal Sanctions

A

social reactions to widely known, usually unspoken rules of social life

43
Q

Deterrence Theory

A

notion that crime results from a national calculation of costs and benefits
Networks of power and knowledge intersect in ways that enhance control over all in society

44
Q

Prejudice

A

thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group

45
Q

Positive uses (functions) of poverty (Herbert Gans)

A
  • Societies get rid of things that are not functional
    -It is dysfunctional for many people (the poor)
  • It must perform some function for society.
    -Gans lists 13 ways in which poverty performs some function.
46
Q

Micheal Foucault and discipline

A
  • Foucalt believed that discipline is more effective than deterrence
  • Those who fall in-line are less likely to break the rules
47
Q

Manifest latent

A

overt or intended functions of an institution

48
Q

Peter Callero and conformity

A

a type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group.

49
Q

Conflict perspective on stratification

A

Who benefits from the stratification of society
Wages and benefits are kept low through social policy

50
Q

Secondary Deviance

A

subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and can change people’s expectations of the individual

51
Q

(William Chambliss) Saints and Roughnecks

A
  • social class (status) impacts perception of deviant behavior by individuals
  • Differing responses to similar behaviors exposes power differentials in society
52
Q

Kenneth and Mamie Clark Study

A

Conducted experiments to examine the effects of segregation on young children

53
Q

Life Chances (Max Weber)

A

opportunities that can increase one’s social position are linked to the class into which you were born, geographic location, family ancestry, race

54
Q

Total Institution (Erving Goffman

A

highly regulated environments where individuals live and work under strict social and institutional control

55
Q

Scientific Racism

A

19th century theories on race that coincide with a quest for explanations and classifications of race

56
Q

Stigma

A

a negative social label that not only changes our behavior toward a person but also alters their own self identity

57
Q

Symbolic ethnicity

A

an alignment with a national identity yet without risk of stigma

58
Q

Race

A

a group of people who share a set of characteristics, typically but no necessarily physical

59
Q

Anomie

A

a sense of normlessness. A rapid shift in the expected rules of society (everyday life)

60
Q

Social deviance

A

any transgression of socially established norms

61
Q

White privilege

A

the uncritical acceptance of white skin

62
Q

Ethnicity

A

cultural values and norms that distinguish a given group from another. Often voluntary, self-defined, and fluid

63
Q

Gunnar Myrdal

A
  • Difference in how blacks and whites prioritize issues of equality
  • Whites tend to focus on keeping social distances but little concern toward economics equality
  • Blacks value economic and legal equality but care little about social distance
64
Q

Social Darwinism

A

the application of biological natural selection to explain social hierarchy
Those at the top are the “fittest” for the structure of society

65
Q

Strain theory

A

argues that society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially accepted goals

66
Q

Primary Deviance

A

the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of “deviant”

67
Q

Racism

A

belief that members of separate races posses different and unequal traits

SOCI 101 (1 decks)

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