soc_225_20150123003529 Flashcards
Migrant workers are disadvantaged, as they do not benefit from the things that ___ ___ or ___ benefit from.
Permanent residents, citizens.
In the case of migrant workers, the ___ enforce rules, and they have a vested interest in maintining the ability to hire foreign workers.
Employers.
What is executive disengagement?
When employees do not inform superiors of certain actions in belief that superiors cannot be held responsible.
Canada’s penalties for executives are more/less lenient than American ones.
More.
Some argue that the criminogenic market structure causes white collar crime. What does this mean?
The market puts pressure on people to break the law.
What is an example of an industry where the criminogenic market structure may cause white collar crime (a “forcing” industry)?
The auto industry, as there is a small number of manufacturers who all want their dealers to sell lots of cars at little profit.
As a society, we treat ciroirate crimes ___ severly than bank robberies.
Less.
There is a ___ conviction rate for those implicated of white collar crime, and even those that get convicted often do not get ___ ___.
Low, jail time.
White collar criminals do not often go to jail because:
-They can afford good defence lawyers. -Laws are written in ways that disadvantage the disadvantaged. -Most perceive the individual cost of white collar crime to be small. -Individual fear is different, and people do not fear white collar crime as much. -There is little police effort to enforce white collar crime. -There is the problem of assigning blame.
What is the Consensus View?
Society is based on consensus of how values among members and state protects general public interests.
What is the central assumption in Conflict Theory?
Social norms and values made into laws are not agreed upon by the majority, but are only endorsed by the powerful or dominant groups in society.
What is the basic argument for Conflict Theory?
There is an inverse relation between power and official crime rates. People less in power are more likely (and people with more power are less likely) to be officially defined and processed as criminal.
Who came up with Cultural Conflict Theory?
Thorstin Sellin.
What is the idea behind Cultural Conflict Theory?
Diverse cultural groups maintain distinct “conduct norms” or cultural rules that clash with the rules of dominant society.
Cultural Conflict Theory argues that crime happens because…
The conduct norms of the dominant cultural group are extended over a group with different conduct norms.
What are 3 things that can lead to Cultural Conflict?
- Colonization. 2. Immigration. 3. Migration.
Healing methods that include burning rashees, religious attire such as hijabs, and honour killings suchas Aqsa Parvez’s case reflect ___ ___ Theory.
Cultural Conflict.
What is the racial double standard concerning honour violence?
When the perpetrator is white, we look for psychological reasons of the individual (family, history, childhood mental health). When the perpetrator is muslim we tend to accept culture as an explanation.
What is the racial double standard concerning teenage pregnancies?
Treated as an exception for white teenagers, but “cultural” for black teenagers.
The underlying assumptions that lead to this double standard is that in our culture, violence is an ___, while in theirs, it is the ___.
Exception, norm.
The American ___ is traditionally more violent than the ___.
South, North.
Where does the idea of honour come from for the American South?
Herding culture and the fact that the South was a low-population frontier region based on the “rule of retaliation.”
In the American South, the individual had to project a stance of ___ to commit violence.
Willingness.
What did Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen find concerning white Southerners?
The homocide rates for conflict related homocides were higher in the South. Homocides follow insults that center on reputation, strength, toughness, and honour.
Nisbett and Cohen’s findings were over and above other North-South ___ in temperature, poverty, historical practices of slavery, etc.
Differences.
A national attitude survey showed that the ___ is more approving of certain types of violence.
South.
The South was more likely to approve of violence when it was used for self-protection, or was in response to an ___.
Insult.
The South was more likely to endorse violence when it was used to ___.
Protect.
The South was also more likely to stigmatize men that…
Failed to respond to an insult.
The UN Population Fund estimates that around ___ women and girls are killed each year in honour-related crimes, but the actual number may be a lot higher.
5000
The UN Commission on Human Rights first mentioned honour killings in ___.
1999
What are honour killins as described by the UN?
Crimes against women, whereby the family kills a female relative deemed to have defiled the honour of the family.
There is a view that honour killins are homocides that happen because the ___ puts pressure on the family.
Community.
Kanishka Initiative was brought about by…
The 1985 Air India Attack.
What is the worst terrorist attack on Canada?
The 1985 Air India Attack, where 329 people were killed.
CSIS was established in ___.
1984
In the case of the Air India incident in 1985, both the RCMP and CSIS had evidence that things were about to happen. However, what happened?
The evidence could not be used, as the two organizations did not collaborate efficiently.
A security mandate for police was added after what major event?
9/11.
LTTE is also known as…
The Tamil Tigers.
LTTE is credited with inventing…
Suicide bombing and suicide belts.
The LTTE is attached in __ countries and have killed up to ____ of their own members.
32, 8000.
The LTTE controlled 76% of ___ ___ in their peak years.
Sri Lanka.
The LTTE is criticized for recruiting…
Child soldiers.
In Sri Lanka, Tamil is the ___ and Sinhala is the ___.
Minority, majority.
State a reason that second generation Tamil Canadians stand up for something they have never experienced.
They have 1 memory.
How many people are part of the Tamil Diaspora in Canada?
200000
The Tamil Diaspora was the…in 1991.
Fastest growing visible minority group in Canada.
Many members of the Tamil Diaspora live in the…
Greater Toronto Area.
The Canadian diaspora of Tamil’s is the world’s…
Largest.
The Tamil Diaspora seems integrated/unintegrated into the Canadian sphere.
Integrated.
The Tamil Diaspora in Canada is known as a community with…
High capabilities to mobilize.
Give an example of how the Tamil Diaspora in Canada is able to mobilize.
-100 000 members of the diaspora blocked a major highway in Toronto in 2009 within 24 hours. -There are preparations in the community for arrivals of refugee coats. -Known to have financied and supported civil conflict in Sri Lanka.
What is a common reason that 1.5 and second generation Tamil Canadians take such a strong interest in the conflict in Sri Lanka?
They feel that if the Tamil Tigers didn’t stand up for the Tamils no one would.
Canadian counter-terrorism efforts have changed the Tamil Canadian’s outlook on…
Canada and the conflict in Sri Lanka and the LTTE.
The international community labelled the LTTE as…
A terrorist organization.
Canadian counter-terrorism measures were viewed as … by Tamil Canadians.
A fundamental breach of trust.
Which side did Canada side with?
The Sri Lankan government.
Tamil Canadians felt that ___ did not uphold their values of peace, justice, and humanitarianism.
Canadians.
Canadians must be careful when labelling ___ organizations.
Terrorist.
What are the four recent theories on the local contexts of crime?
- Routine Activities Theory. 2. Broken Windows Theory. 3. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. 4. Banishment.
What do the four recent theories on the local contexts of crime have in common?
All focus on local specifics of where crime occurs.
Routine Activities Theory is associated with ___ ___.
Marcus Felson.
