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soc100 midterm > soc100 midterm > Flashcards

soc100 midterm Flashcards

1
Q

the ability to look past just individual actions to understand the relationship between both human agency and social structure
* (e.g.) what Zoom classes taught us? Campus life hid differences between students

A

sociological imagination

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2
Q

the things that exist outside of our control, but exert a force on our lives, enabling and constraining our actions in the world

A

social structure

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3
Q

the actions of individuals and groups in society, and the choices we make

A

human agency

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4
Q

the two-way process by which we shape our social world through our individual actions (agency) by which we are shaped by social structure
* French revolution + industrial revolution led to the birth of sociology

A

structuration

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5
Q

: the ability of individuals or groups to make their own interests count, even when others resist. It sometimes depends on the direct use of force but is usually justified by ideologies

A

power

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6
Q

the study of human behavior in the context of face-to-face interaction

A

microsociology

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7
Q

the study of large-scale social systems

A

macrosociology

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8
Q

approaches to sociological research that draw on objective and statistical data and often focus on documenting trends, comparing subgroups, or exploring correlations

A

quantitative methods

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9
Q

approaches to sociological research that often rely on what is seen in naturalistic settings and focus on personal and/or collective interviews, accounts, or observations of a person or situation

A

qualitative methods

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10
Q

researchers, especially in social science, must acknowledge that the investigator is a crucial part of the world they study. Therefore, they need to reflect on how this situation affects the conclusions of the study.

A

reflexivity

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11
Q

hunches, ideas, or educated guesses about a given state of affairs, put forward as bases for empirical testing

A

hypothesis

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12
Q
  • The firsthand study of people in the field
  • The investigator socializes, works, or lives with members of a group or community
    *Provides rich information, but not easy to generalize findings
    participant observation
A

ethnography

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13
Q

The researcher takes part in the activities of the group or community being studied

A

participant observation

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14
Q

*A research method by which variables can be analyzed in a controlled way, either in an artificial situation or in a naturally occurring setting
*Best method for ascertaining causality
*Unethical research: Milgram experiment (1960s)

A

experiment

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15
Q

values or modes of behavior shared by virtually all human cultures

A

cultural universals

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16
Q

physical objects

A

material culture

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17
Q

values, norms, symbols, language, speech, writing, etc.

A

nonmaterial culture

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18
Q

principles or rules of social life that everyone is expected to observe. This reflects the values, and either prescribes a certain behavior or forbids it

A

norms

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19
Q

socially defined expectations of people occupying particular social positions (e.g., professional roles of a doctor in the examination room)

A

roles

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20
Q

an item used to stand for or represent another such as an American flag

A

symbol

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21
Q

most of the industrialized world is in the Northern Hemisphere, while most of the developing world is in the Southern Hemisphere

A

global north/south

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22
Q

the ability to engage in and appreciate various lifestyles, and the components of those lifestyles (e.g., lifestyle, tastes, language, attitudes, etiquette)

A

cultural capital

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23
Q

when members of one cultural group borrow elements of another’s culture

A

cultural appropriation

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24
Q

the judging of other cultures in terms of the standards of one’s own, and thereby misrepresent them (e.g. my culture is better than your culture)

A

ethnocentrism

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25
Q

the practice of judging a society by its own standards

A

cultural relativism

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26
Q

the lifelong process of learning the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to your social position, such as age, gender, or social class

A

socialization

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27
Q

what are the agents of socialization

A

families
school
peer group
mass media
work

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28
Q

a single identity or status that overpowers all the other identities one holds

A

master status

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29
Q

the characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others

A

social identity

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30
Q

a unique sense of ourselves (distinct individuals)

A

self-identity (personal identity)

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31
Q

preparing for the presentation of one’s social role (e.g., wears/behaves differently in the job interview)

A

impression management

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32
Q

(e.g.) home is an area that allows people to be relaxed from their public performance (backstage region)

A

audience segregation

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33
Q

each individual indicates recognition of the other person’s presence but avoids any gesture that might be taken as too intrusive

A

civil inattention

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34
Q

facial expressions, gestures and bodily movements; difficult to capture dimensions of emotion on the Internet, email, phone

A

nonverbal communication

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35
Q

social networks and relations of trust

A

social capital

36
Q

(e.g., with distance relatives or acquaintances) are often quite valuable because they might become the path to new information and resources
* Mark Granovetter (1973) found that the recent job changers with high socioeconomic status mostly acquired job opening information from whom they “occasionally” met

A

weak tie

37
Q

the tendency to have social ties to other people who have similar statuses to our own

A

homophily

38
Q

small groups characterized by face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong sense of commitment (e.g. families, friends)

A

primary group

39
Q

(e.g. colleagues, classmates)

A

secondary group

40
Q

a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose

A

organization

41
Q

groups toward which one feels loyalty and respect – “we” belong to

A

in-groups

42
Q

groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt –“those people”

A

out-groups

43
Q

a group that provides a standard for judging one’s attitudes or behaviors; do not have to belong to a group

A

reference group

44
Q

the source of our most elementary social bonds, but they can be fragile because they consist of two people

A

dyads

45
Q

a group of three people: more stable than dyads
* The presence of a third person relieves some pressure on the other two members
* The third person can play the role of mediator
* One person can temporarily leave the relationship without threatening the group
* Alliance between two members may destabilize the groups
* Structure of interaction can form a hierarchy
o By studying groups and organizations we can identify the linkage between micro human behaviors and macro social structure (=social systems)

A

triads

46
Q

the modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society

A

deviance

47
Q
  • Emphasizes the role of symbols and languages as core elements of all human interaction
  • George Herbert Mead/Erving Goffman/Harold Garfinkel
A

symbolic interactionism

48
Q
  • To study function of a social activity is to analyze its contributions to the continuation of the society as a whole leads to emphasis on order and stability of society
  • (e.g) marriage contributes to the continuation of the society by maintain order and stability
  • Emile Durkheim/Robert Merton
A

functionalism (functionalist theory)

49
Q
  • Social order is maintained by domination of those who possess power
  • Marxism, Feminism
  • Karl Marx
A

conflict theory

50
Q
  • Society is no longer governed by history or progress (no grand narrative)
A

post modern theory

51
Q
  • One key explanatory factor of society is individuals’ self-interests
A

rational choice theory

52
Q
  • People become “deviant” because certain labels are attached to their behavior
  • Once a person commits a criminal behavior, he or she is stigmatized as deviant and is likely to be considered untrustworthy. This might lead to further criminal behavior
  • The process of “learning to deviant” is reinforced by the very organizations set up to correct deviant behavior such as prisons and social agencies
A

labeling theory

53
Q
  • Crime and deviance result from an imbalance between the impulses toward criminal activity and the controls that deter it
    o The concept of broken windows
A

control theory

54
Q

-anomie
-organic solidarity

A

emily durkheim

55
Q

for a society to endure over time its specialized institutions (e.g., political ecosystems, economy) must function as an integrated whole

A

organic solidarity

56
Q

a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior
- Lack of clear standards make people feel disoriented and anxious that could increase suicidal thought

A

anomie

57
Q
  • Materialist conception of history
    o Economic factors lead to social change
    o “all human history thus far is the history of class struggles”
    o A socialist system (=communal ownership) would replace capitalism
A

karl marx

58
Q
  • ideas and values are as important as economic factors (e.g., Protest ethic)
    -bureaucracy
    -ideal type
    -rationalization
  • his analysis of bureaucracy is more about formal relations as stated in the rules
A

max weber

59
Q

the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world

A

rationalization

60
Q

a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials

A

bureaucracy

61
Q

a “pure type”, constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality in order to identify essential characteristics

A

ideal type

62
Q

o there is a clear-cut hierarchy of authority
o written rules govern the conduct of officials at all levels of the organization
o officials work full time and are salaried
o separation between tasks of an official within the organization and his/her life outside
o no members of the organization own the materials with which they operate

A

ideal type of bureaucracy

63
Q
  • developed symbolic interactionsim
  • understanding the “me” (social self) from the “I” (unsocialized infant) leads to self-consciousness
  • generalized other
A

george herbert mead

64
Q

the role of symbols and languages as core elements of human interaction

A

symbolic interactionism

65
Q

the general values and moral rules of the culture.
o At 8 or 9 years old, children learn generalized other by taking part in organized games, which require them to understand the rules of play and notions of fairness

A

generalized other

66
Q
  • A sense of masculinity and femininity develops in the early stage of life as infants and young children learn gender differences based on the possession or absence of penis
A

sigmund freud

67
Q
  • Human being possesses a self that is vulnerable to embarrassment or humiliation leads to people tending to collaborate with others in social interactions
  • Dramaturgical theory
A

erving goffman

68
Q

the view of social life as a metaphorical theater performance, in which we are all actors with roles, scripts, costumes, sets

A

dramaturgical theory

69
Q
  • With Goffman, a key figure in the study of micro-interaction (symbolic interactions)
  • ethnomethodology
    -breaching experiments
A

harold garfinkel

70
Q

the study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day-to-day social interaction

A

ethnomethodology

71
Q

students were asked to engage in conversation and to insist that casual or general remarks be actively pursued to make their meaning precise

A

breaching experiments

72
Q

types of deviance:
- conformists
- ritualists
- retreatists
- innovators
- rebels

A

robert merton

73
Q

accept generally held values and the conventional means of realizing them

A

conformists

74
Q

accept socially approved values but use illegitimate or illegal means to follow them

A

innovators

75
Q

conform to socially accepted standards (means), though they have lost sight of their underlying values or goals

A

ritualists

76
Q

have abandoned the competitive outlook, rejecting both the dominant values and the approved means of achieving them

A

retreatists

77
Q

reject both the existing values and the means of achieving them but work to substitute new ones and reconstruct the social system

A

rebels

78
Q

what do sociologists ask?

A

How are the things that we take to be natural actually socially constructed?
How is social order possible?
Does the individual matter? Is it agency or structure?
How are the times in which we are living different from the past?

79
Q

Invented the word “sociology”
Scientific method could be applied to the study of human behavior
Sociology as the scientific study of social life

A

auguste comte

80
Q

The study of human social life, groups and societies, stressing the contexts and structures that influence human behavior, and our actions in relation to these contexts and structures

A

sociology

81
Q

what is the historical context of sociology in the 18th and 19th century europe?

A

Two great revolutions: French Revolution & Industrial Revolution
Sociology came into being, as those caught up in the series of changes brought about by these revolutions sought to understand the conditions of their emergence, and their likely consequences

82
Q

Invented the word “sociology”
Scientific method could be applied to the study of human behavior
Sociology as the scientific study of social life

A

Auguste Comte

83
Q

what is the research process?

A

question, research, hypothesis, procedure, data, conclusion

84
Q

strengths/weaknesses of ethnography

A

provide rich information, but not easy to generalize findings on the basis of a single fieldwork

85
Q

The values, norms and material goods characteristic of a given group including languages and symbols they use to construct their understanding of the world
People’s beliefs and expectations about one another and the world they inhabit are components of all social relations
refers to the ways of life of individual members or groups within society

A

culture

86
Q

a system of interrelationships that connects individuals
Bonds can be informal or formal
Sociologists see societies as enduring over time, but this requires common culture

A

society

87
Q

what are the types of cultural capital?

A

what a person embodies (way of dressing), materials one possesses (car), socially determined by institutions (credentials)

soc100 midterm (2 decks)

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