soc100 midterm

Question 1

the ability to look past just individual actions to understand the relationship between both human agency and social structure
* (e.g.) what Zoom classes taught us? Campus life hid differences between students

Answer 1

sociological imagination

Question 2

the things that exist outside of our control, but exert a force on our lives, enabling and constraining our actions in the world

Answer 2

social structure

Question 3

the actions of individuals and groups in society, and the choices we make

Answer 3

human agency

Question 4

the two-way process by which we shape our social world through our individual actions (agency) by which we are shaped by social structure
* French revolution + industrial revolution led to the birth of sociology

Answer 4

structuration

Question 5

: the ability of individuals or groups to make their own interests count, even when others resist. It sometimes depends on the direct use of force but is usually justified by ideologies

Answer 5

power

Question 6

the study of human behavior in the context of face-to-face interaction

Answer 6

microsociology

Question 7

the study of large-scale social systems

Answer 7

macrosociology

Question 8

approaches to sociological research that draw on objective and statistical data and often focus on documenting trends, comparing subgroups, or exploring correlations

Answer 8

quantitative methods

Question 9

approaches to sociological research that often rely on what is seen in naturalistic settings and focus on personal and/or collective interviews, accounts, or observations of a person or situation

Answer 9

qualitative methods

Question 10

researchers, especially in social science, must acknowledge that the investigator is a crucial part of the world they study. Therefore, they need to reflect on how this situation affects the conclusions of the study.

Answer 10

reflexivity

Question 11

hunches, ideas, or educated guesses about a given state of affairs, put forward as bases for empirical testing

Answer 11

hypothesis

Question 12

• The firsthand study of people in the field
• The investigator socializes, works, or lives with members of a group or community
  *Provides rich information, but not easy to generalize findings
  participant observation

Answer 12

ethnography

Question 13

The researcher takes part in the activities of the group or community being studied

Answer 13

participant observation

Question 14

*A research method by which variables can be analyzed in a controlled way, either in an artificial situation or in a naturally occurring setting
*Best method for ascertaining causality
*Unethical research: Milgram experiment (1960s)

Answer 14

experiment

Question 15

values or modes of behavior shared by virtually all human cultures

Answer 15

cultural universals

Question 16

physical objects

Answer 16

material culture

Question 17

values, norms, symbols, language, speech, writing, etc.

Answer 17

nonmaterial culture

Question 18

principles or rules of social life that everyone is expected to observe. This reflects the values, and either prescribes a certain behavior or forbids it

Answer 18

norms

Question 19

socially defined expectations of people occupying particular social positions (e.g., professional roles of a doctor in the examination room)

Answer 19

roles

Question 20

an item used to stand for or represent another such as an American flag

Answer 20

symbol

Question 21

most of the industrialized world is in the Northern Hemisphere, while most of the developing world is in the Southern Hemisphere

Answer 21

global north/south

Question 22

the ability to engage in and appreciate various lifestyles, and the components of those lifestyles (e.g., lifestyle, tastes, language, attitudes, etiquette)

Answer 22

cultural capital

Question 23

when members of one cultural group borrow elements of another’s culture

Answer 23

cultural appropriation

Question 24

the judging of other cultures in terms of the standards of one’s own, and thereby misrepresent them (e.g. my culture is better than your culture)

Answer 24

ethnocentrism

Question 25

the practice of judging a society by its own standards

Answer 25

cultural relativism

Question 26

the lifelong process of learning the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to your social position, such as age, gender, or social class

Answer 26

socialization

Question 27

what are the agents of socialization

Answer 27

families school peer group mass media work

Question 28

a single identity or status that overpowers all the other identities one holds

Answer 28

master status

Question 29

the characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others

Answer 29

social identity

Question 30

a unique sense of ourselves (distinct individuals)

Answer 30

self-identity (personal identity)

Question 31

preparing for the presentation of one’s social role (e.g., wears/behaves differently in the job interview)

Answer 31

impression management

Question 32

(e.g.) home is an area that allows people to be relaxed from their public performance (backstage region)

Answer 32

audience segregation

Question 33

each individual indicates recognition of the other person’s presence but avoids any gesture that might be taken as too intrusive

Answer 33

civil inattention

Question 34

facial expressions, gestures and bodily movements; difficult to capture dimensions of emotion on the Internet, email, phone

Answer 34

nonverbal communication

Question 35

social networks and relations of trust

Answer 35

social capital

Question 36

(e.g., with distance relatives or acquaintances) are often quite valuable because they might become the path to new information and resources * Mark Granovetter (1973) found that the recent job changers with high socioeconomic status mostly acquired job opening information from whom they “occasionally” met

Answer 36

weak tie

Question 37

the tendency to have social ties to other people who have similar statuses to our own

Answer 37

homophily

Question 38

small groups characterized by face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong sense of commitment (e.g. families, friends)

Answer 38

primary group

Question 39

(e.g. colleagues, classmates)

Answer 39

secondary group

Question 40

a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose

Answer 40

organization

Question 41

groups toward which one feels loyalty and respect – “we” belong to

Answer 41

in-groups

Question 42

groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt –“those people”

Answer 42

out-groups

Question 43

a group that provides a standard for judging one’s attitudes or behaviors; do not have to belong to a group

Answer 43

reference group

Question 44

the source of our most elementary social bonds, but they can be fragile because they consist of two people

Answer 44

dyads

Question 45

a group of three people: more stable than dyads * The presence of a third person relieves some pressure on the other two members * The third person can play the role of mediator * One person can temporarily leave the relationship without threatening the group * Alliance between two members may destabilize the groups * Structure of interaction can form a hierarchy o By studying groups and organizations we can identify the linkage between micro human behaviors and macro social structure (=social systems)

Answer 45

triads

Question 46

the modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society

Answer 46

deviance

Question 47

* Emphasizes the role of symbols and languages as core elements of all human interaction * George Herbert Mead/Erving Goffman/Harold Garfinkel

Answer 47

symbolic interactionism

Question 48

* To study function of a social activity is to analyze its contributions to the continuation of the society as a whole leads to emphasis on order and stability of society * (e.g) marriage contributes to the continuation of the society by maintain order and stability * Emile Durkheim/Robert Merton

Answer 48

functionalism (functionalist theory)

Question 49

* Social order is maintained by domination of those who possess power * Marxism, Feminism * Karl Marx

Answer 49

conflict theory

Question 50

* Society is no longer governed by history or progress (no grand narrative)

Answer 50

post modern theory

Question 51

* One key explanatory factor of society is individuals’ self-interests

Answer 51

rational choice theory

Question 52

* People become “deviant” because certain labels are attached to their behavior * Once a person commits a criminal behavior, he or she is stigmatized as deviant and is likely to be considered untrustworthy. This might lead to further criminal behavior * The process of “learning to deviant” is reinforced by the very organizations set up to correct deviant behavior such as prisons and social agencies

Answer 52

labeling theory

Question 53

* Crime and deviance result from an imbalance between the impulses toward criminal activity and the controls that deter it o The concept of broken windows

Answer 53

control theory

Question 54

-anomie -organic solidarity

Answer 54

emily durkheim

Question 55

for a society to endure over time its specialized institutions (e.g., political ecosystems, economy) must function as an integrated whole

Answer 55

organic solidarity

Question 56

a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior - Lack of clear standards make people feel disoriented and anxious that could increase suicidal thought

Answer 56

anomie

Question 57

* Materialist conception of history o Economic factors lead to social change o “all human history thus far is the history of class struggles” o A socialist system (=communal ownership) would replace capitalism

Answer 57

karl marx

Question 58

- ideas and values are as important as economic factors (e.g., Protest ethic) -bureaucracy -ideal type -rationalization - his analysis of bureaucracy is more about formal relations as stated in the rules

Answer 58

max weber

Question 59

the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world

Answer 59

rationalization

Question 60

a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials

Answer 60

bureaucracy

Question 61

a “pure type”, constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality in order to identify essential characteristics

Answer 61

ideal type

Question 62

o there is a clear-cut hierarchy of authority o written rules govern the conduct of officials at all levels of the organization o officials work full time and are salaried o separation between tasks of an official within the organization and his/her life outside o no members of the organization own the materials with which they operate

Answer 62

ideal type of bureaucracy

Question 63

- developed symbolic interactionsim - understanding the "me" (social self) from the "I" (unsocialized infant) leads to self-consciousness - generalized other

Answer 63

george herbert mead

Question 64

the role of symbols and languages as core elements of human interaction

Answer 64

symbolic interactionism

Question 65

the general values and moral rules of the culture. o At 8 or 9 years old, children learn generalized other by taking part in organized games, which require them to understand the rules of play and notions of fairness

Answer 65

generalized other

Question 66

* A sense of masculinity and femininity develops in the early stage of life as infants and young children learn gender differences based on the possession or absence of penis

Answer 66

sigmund freud

Question 67

* Human being possesses a self that is vulnerable to embarrassment or humiliation leads to people tending to collaborate with others in social interactions * Dramaturgical theory

Answer 67

erving goffman

Question 68

the view of social life as a metaphorical theater performance, in which we are all actors with roles, scripts, costumes, sets

Answer 68

dramaturgical theory

Question 69

* With Goffman, a key figure in the study of micro-interaction (symbolic interactions) - ethnomethodology -breaching experiments

Answer 69

harold garfinkel

Question 70

the study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day-to-day social interaction

Answer 70

ethnomethodology

Question 71

students were asked to engage in conversation and to insist that casual or general remarks be actively pursued to make their meaning precise

Answer 71

breaching experiments

Question 72

types of deviance: - conformists - ritualists - retreatists - innovators - rebels

Answer 72

robert merton

Question 73

accept generally held values and the conventional means of realizing them

Answer 73

conformists

Question 74

accept socially approved values but use illegitimate or illegal means to follow them

Answer 74

innovators

Question 75

conform to socially accepted standards (means), though they have lost sight of their underlying values or goals

Answer 75

ritualists

Question 76

have abandoned the competitive outlook, rejecting both the dominant values and the approved means of achieving them

Answer 76

retreatists

Question 77

reject both the existing values and the means of achieving them but work to substitute new ones and reconstruct the social system

Answer 77

rebels

Question 78

what do sociologists ask?

Answer 78

How are the things that we take to be natural actually socially constructed? How is social order possible? Does the individual matter? Is it agency or structure? How are the times in which we are living different from the past?

Question 79

Invented the word “sociology” Scientific method could be applied to the study of human behavior Sociology as the scientific study of social life

Answer 79

auguste comte

Question 80

The study of human social life, groups and societies, stressing the contexts and structures that influence human behavior, and our actions in relation to these contexts and structures

Answer 80

sociology

Question 81

what is the historical context of sociology in the 18th and 19th century europe?

Answer 81

Two great revolutions: French Revolution & Industrial Revolution Sociology came into being, as those caught up in the series of changes brought about by these revolutions sought to understand the conditions of their emergence, and their likely consequences

Question 82

Invented the word “sociology” Scientific method could be applied to the study of human behavior Sociology as the scientific study of social life

Answer 82

Auguste Comte

Question 83

what is the research process?

Answer 83

question, research, hypothesis, procedure, data, conclusion

Question 84

strengths/weaknesses of ethnography

Answer 84

provide rich information, but not easy to generalize findings on the basis of a single fieldwork

Question 85

The values, norms and material goods characteristic of a given group including languages and symbols they use to construct their understanding of the world People’s beliefs and expectations about one another and the world they inhabit are components of all social relations refers to the ways of life of individual members or groups within society

Answer 85

culture

Question 86

a system of interrelationships that connects individuals Bonds can be informal or formal Sociologists see societies as enduring over time, but this requires common culture

Answer 86

society

Question 87

what are the types of cultural capital?

Answer 87

what a person embodies (way of dressing), materials one possesses (car), socially determined by institutions (credentials)