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SOC WEEK 10 Qualitative Interviewing And Conversation Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the aim of qualitative interviewing?

A

To learn about the subject’s beliefs, attitudes, perspectives, and relationships

It also includes understanding the subject’s life history and how they make sense of their lived experience.

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2
Q

How do qualitative interviews differ from quantitative interviews?

A

Qualitative interviews are flexible and adaptable, while quantitative interviews aim for standardization and representativeness

In quantitative interviews, questions are asked in the same way and order for all respondents.

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3
Q

What characterizes the qualitative interview as a collaboration?

A

Both interviewer and subject cooperate to make meaning out of the subject’s experience

This contrasts with standardized interviews, which limit the subject’s range of responses.

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4
Q

What is intensive interviewing?

A

A gently-guided, one-sided conversation exploring participants’ perspectives on their personal experience with a research topic

It can cover broad topics like life histories or focused subjects like educational policies.

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5
Q

List key characteristics of intensive interviewing.

A
  • Selection of participants with first-hand experience
  • In-depth exploration of experiences
  • Reliance on open-ended questions
  • Objective of obtaining detailed responses
  • Emphasis on understanding participants’ perspectives
  • Following up on unanticipated areas of inquiry
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6
Q

Why is it important for researchers to have preliminary knowledge of the field?

A

To ask informed, relevant questions and understand the context of the subjects being studied

Familiarity with the literature and fluency in the language of the group can aid in conducting interviews.

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7
Q

What should researchers reflect on after each interview?

A

What worked and what didn’t in their interview guide

This helps in adjusting the guide for future interviews.

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8
Q

What are some dos and don’ts of interviewing?

A
  • Assume the role of interested learner
  • Let the participant set the pace
  • Encourage elaboration
  • Avoid why-questions where possible
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9
Q

What is a ‘suspicious insider’?

A

A researcher who has insider access to a community but whose identity changes the nature of conversations once revealed

This can complicate discussions on sensitive issues.

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10
Q

What does validity mean in the context of intensive interviewing?

A

Data are valid if they respect and reflect the respondent’s lived experience in its full complexity

This can include different stances on the same topic.

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11
Q

What is a limitation of qualitative interviewing?

A

Nonprobability samples make it impossible to generalize to the population

However, qualitative interviews allow for analytic generalizations about processes.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Qualitative interviews are especially strong on _______.

A

[validity]

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Qualitative interviews are weaker on _______.

A

[reliability]

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14
Q

What is the purpose of constructing an interview guide?

A

To guide the interview process and ensure relevant topics are covered

The IRB will review the guide before approval.

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15
Q

What should final questions in an interview do?

A

Encourage reflection on what has been discussed

Examples include asking for advice to a former self or thoughts for beginners.

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

What does conversation analysis (CA) focus on?

A

Interaction

CA aims to document patterns through close analysis of audio and video recordings of social interactions.

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18
Q

What is the ethnomethodological background to conversation analysis?

A

Indexicality, Reflexivity, Accountability

These concepts explain how meaning is derived from context, how understanding is updated in interactions, and how shared expectations are oriented.

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19
Q

Define indexicality in the context of conversation analysis.

A

Meaning of an action depends on the context and response

Indexicality highlights that the interpretation of social actions is contingent on situational context.

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20
Q

What does reflexivity refer to in conversation analysis?

A

Updating understanding of interaction moment by moment

Reflexivity involves the dynamic process of interpreting interactions as they unfold.

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21
Q

What does accountability mean in conversation analysis?

A

Orienting shared expectations and sanctioning violators

Accountability is crucial for maintaining social order during interactions.

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22
Q

How does the meaning of a social action evolve?

A

Depends on the response it receives and the response to that response

This chain of responses creates a complex web of meaning in interactions.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of a specialized transcription system in conversation analysis?

A

Puts interaction ‘under a microscope’

This system allows for detailed examination of social interactions.

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24
Q

What is unmotivated observation in the context of conversation analysis?

A

No bias before listening/watching a recording of an interaction

This approach ensures that researchers do not impose preconceived notions on the interaction.

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25
What are the four levels of analysis in conversation analysis?
Activity frameworks, Sequences of action, Actions, Features mobilized within turns ## Footnote Each level provides a different perspective on the interaction.
26
List the five core features of conversation analysis.
Utterances as actions Sequential analysis Analyzing participant orientations Interactional detail as a site of social organization Analyzing both single and multiple episodes of interaction ## Footnote These features guide the analysis of conversational interactions.
27
What does interactional trouble refer to in conversation analysis?
Problems or difficulties during conversation that participants address ## Footnote Examples include misunderstandings, overlaps, or disruptions.
28
Provide an example of interactional trouble.
Laura-Tony example: confusion over 'what to do when it's cold' ## Footnote In this case, the child's response 'get frozen' indicates a misunderstanding.
29
How is reliability handled in conversation analysis?
Through standardized transcription procedures ## Footnote This allows for consistency in the analysis of interactions.
30
What is a limitation of conversation analysis?
Shows very little of a person's inner world ## Footnote Recordings cannot capture all contextual factors like identity, background, or resources.
31
What can be added to conversation analysis to enhance understanding?
Ethnographic observation and knowledge ## Footnote This addition provides deeper context and insights into social interactions.
32
What are the characteristics of survey research?
Collecting data about a population that is too big to observe directly; can be generalized to the population ## Footnote Key for understanding population-level attitudes and behaviors
33
What is the aim of survey research?
Measure attitudes, opinions, values, and orientations towards social issues and self-reported behavior; easy for secondary analysis ## Footnote Focus on understanding societal trends and individual perspectives
34
What distinguishes open-ended questions from closed-ended questions?
Open-ended: must be coded before processing and offer more issues but are harder to categorize; Closed-ended: easier to code but may overlook important issues ## Footnote Open-ended questions allow for richer data but require more effort to analyze
35
What are the guidelines for writing closed-ended questions?
Answers can only be used for one answer; no categories can overlap; questions need to be clear and precise ## Footnote Ensures clarity and accuracy in responses
36
What should be considered when writing statements for surveys?
Respondent must answer honestly; relevant enough for the person to have an opinion; keep questions short; phrase positively; avoid bias terms ## Footnote Important for obtaining genuine responses
37
What is a double-barreled question?
Complex questions with two parts ## Footnote Can lead to confusion in responses
38
What are contingency questions?
One of the answers leads to a follow-up question ## Footnote Useful for drilling down on specific topics
39
What are matrix questions?
Several questions that have the same answer categories (e.g., strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree) ## Footnote Efficient for gathering opinions on multiple items
40
What is one advantage of Likert scales?
Increase comparability among items ## Footnote Facilitates easier analysis of responses
41
What is one disadvantage of Likert scales?
People may answer all the questions the same ## Footnote Can lead to response bias
42
What is a method for reducing the likelihood of response bias in matrix questions?
Change what successive statements mean ## Footnote Helps maintain respondent engagement
43
What are question order effects?
Order influences how respondents answer ## Footnote Can affect the reliability of the data collected
44
What is the purpose of piloting and pre-testing questionnaires?
Ask for feedback from a pilot group; always do before study ## Footnote Essential for refining the questionnaire
45
What are the strengths of self-administered questionnaires?
Cost-effective; anonymity encourages truthful answers ## Footnote Useful in large-scale surveys
46
What are the disadvantages of self-administered questionnaires?
Lower response rate; respondents may not understand or may not respond ## Footnote Potential for incomplete data
47
What is one advantage of face-to-face interviews?
High response rates; less 'I don't know'; can clarify questions without sounding negative ## Footnote Builds rapport and trust with respondents
48
What is one disadvantage of face-to-face interviews?
Time and money consuming; safety concerns; reactivity bias ## Footnote Interviewer presence may influence responses
49
What is one advantage of phone interviews?
Cheap; tech assistance increases efficiency; safe; interviewer can clarify questions ## Footnote Allows for immediate feedback and clarification
50
What is one disadvantage of phone interviews?
Lower response rates; people may think it’s a scam; respondents can hang up mid-interview ## Footnote Challenges in maintaining participant engagement
51
What is one advantage of online surveys?
Cheap; access to large population; new analytic tools; virtual face-to-face tools ## Footnote Expands reach to diverse populations
52
What is one disadvantage of online surveys?
Low responses; not representative (not everyone has tech); people think it’s a scam/virus ## Footnote Digital divide affects data quality
53
What does operationalizing variables with survey items involve?
Measure attitudes, opinions, self-reported behavior; can be examined for their inner relationships ## Footnote Important for testing theories and hypotheses
54
How can results from data support hypotheses?
Independent variable causes change in dependent variable in percentage ## Footnote Critical for validating research models
55
What is the relationship between reliability and validity in survey research?
Weak in validity but strong in reliability ## Footnote Highlights the importance of careful question design
56
What is a strength of survey research?
Describing characteristics of large population ## Footnote Provides a broad overview of societal trends
57
What is a limitation of survey research?
Miss particularities of any respondent; self-report rather than direct observation of social action in social context ## Footnote May lack depth in understanding individual experiences
58
What are the characteristics of survey research?
Collecting data about a population that is too big to observe directly; can be generalized to the population ## Footnote Key for understanding population-level attitudes and behaviors
59
What is the aim of survey research?
Measure attitudes, opinions, values, and orientations towards social issues and self-reported behavior; easy for secondary analysis ## Footnote Focus on understanding societal trends and individual perspectives
60
What distinguishes open-ended questions from closed-ended questions?
Open-ended: must be coded before processing and offer more issues but are harder to categorize; Closed-ended: easier to code but may overlook important issues ## Footnote Open-ended questions allow for richer data but require more effort to analyze
61
What are the guidelines for writing closed-ended questions?
Answers can only be used for one answer; no categories can overlap; questions need to be clear and precise ## Footnote Ensures clarity and accuracy in responses
62
What should be considered when writing open ended questions for surveys?
Respondent must answer honestly; relevant enough for the person to have an opinion; keep questions short; phrase positively; avoid bias terms ## Footnote Important for obtaining genuine responses
63
What is a double-barreled question?
Complex questions with two parts ## Footnote Can lead to confusion in responses
64
What are contingency questions?
One of the answers leads to a follow-up question ## Footnote Useful for drilling down on specific topics
65
What are matrix questions?
Several questions that have the same answer categories (e.g., strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree) ## Footnote Efficient for gathering opinions on multiple items
66
What is one advantage of Likert scales?
Increase comparability among items ## Footnote Facilitates easier analysis of responses
67
What is one disadvantage of Likert scales?
People may answer all the questions the same ## Footnote Can lead to response bias
68
What is a method for reducing the likelihood of response bias in matrix questions?
Change what successive statements mean ## Footnote Helps maintain respondent engagement
69
What are question order effects?
Order influences how respondents answer ## Footnote Can affect the reliability of the data collected
70
What is the purpose of piloting and pre-testing questionnaires?
Ask for feedback from a pilot group; always do before study ## Footnote Essential for refining the questionnaire
71
What are the strengths of self-administered questionnaires?
Cost-effective; anonymity encourages truthful answers ## Footnote Useful in large-scale surveys
72
What are the disadvantages of self-administered questionnaires?
Lower response rate; respondents may not understand or may not respond ## Footnote Potential for incomplete data
73
What is one advantage of face-to-face interviews?
High response rates; less 'I don't know'; can clarify questions without sounding negative ## Footnote Builds rapport and trust with respondents
74
What is one disadvantage of face-to-face interviews?
Time and money consuming; safety concerns; reactivity bias ## Footnote Interviewer presence may influence responses
75
What is one advantage of phone interviews?
Cheap; tech assistance increases efficiency; safe; interviewer can clarify questions ## Footnote Allows for immediate feedback and clarification
76
What is one disadvantage of phone interviews?
Lower response rates; people may think it’s a scam; respondents can hang up mid-interview ## Footnote Challenges in maintaining participant engagement
77
What is one advantage of online surveys?
Cheap; access to large population; new analytic tools; virtual face-to-face tools ## Footnote Expands reach to diverse populations
78
What is one disadvantage of online surveys?
Low responses; not representative (not everyone has tech); people think it’s a scam/virus ## Footnote Digital divide affects data quality
79
What does operationalizing variables with survey items involve?
Measure attitudes, opinions, self-reported behavior; can be examined for their inner relationships ## Footnote Important for testing theories and hypotheses
80
How can results from data support hypotheses?
Independent variable causes change in dependent variable in percentage ## Footnote Critical for validating research models
81
What is the relationship between reliability and validity in survey research?
Weak in validity but strong in reliability ## Footnote Highlights the importance of careful question design
82
What is a strength of survey research?
Describing characteristics of large population ## Footnote Provides a broad overview of societal trends
83
What is a limitation of survey research?
Miss particularities of any respondent; self-report rather than direct observation of social action in social context ## Footnote May lack depth in understanding individual experiences
84
Proof analysis?
Proof analysis= people required to display analysis in prior turn as a question

SOC (2 decks)

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