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AVIAN A&P > SOC Test 1 > Flashcards

SOC Test 1 Flashcards

Prepare for Test #1, Chapters 1 & 2

1
Q

What does Sociology’s mission?

A

Explain the different forces and influences that shape how someone grows up. Focuses on human society and social interaction.

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2
Q

What is the nature/nurture conflict?

A

Psychology/nature focuses on the individuals internal life and genetic influences. Sociology/nurture focuses on effect of groups and social interaction/environment.

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3
Q

What effect does social class have on our lives?

A

It sets us on a particular path in life

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4
Q

What is the sociological perspective/imagination?

A

Unique lens sociologists use to view the world, “new eyes” to examine broader social contexts that underlie human behavior.

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5
Q

Who created this concept and how do they explain it?

A

C. Wright Mills explains the sociological perspective/imagination as the intersection of biography and history (the individual and social factors that influence the individual).

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6
Q

What does the sociological perspective focus on to understand what shapes & motivates people’s actions?

A

Social location, where a person is located in their society at what point in history. This includes: Race, Occupation, Gender, Generation, Class Education & Nationality (ROGGCEN)

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7
Q

What is the global sociological perspective?

A

The impact of technological, social, political and economic interconnectedness & interdependence.

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8
Q

How have people of the present and past made sense of the world?

A

Past: observation & superstition. Present: Science, a systematic way.

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9
Q

What are the origins of sociology?

A

Began in the 1800s with the use of the scientific methods, time of “enlightenment”/”age of reason” Religion rejected, replaced with rational thought.

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10
Q

Who is Auguste Comte (pronounced kont)?

A

French. Founder/Father of Sociology. Coined terms Positivism (applying sci method to soc), social reform. But did NOT actually do systematic research.

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11
Q

Who is Herbert Spencer?

A

Promoted “Social Darwinism”/Survival of the fittest, against social reform=interferes w/”natural process.” Ideas considered offensive.

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12
Q

Who is Max Weber (Vayber)?

A

German, religion central force in social change, “Protestant Ethic” & “Spirit of Capitalism”

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13
Q

Who is Karl Marx?

A

German, economics central force in social change, Bourgeoisie (capitalists)/Protelariat (exploited workers), favored reform

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14
Q

Emile Durkheim?

A

French, gained acceptance of soc as separate discipline as 1st academic appointment @ Bordeaux, “Social Integration”

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15
Q

What did Durkheim find out with his rigorous research?

A

Studied: social forces, suicides-underlying social factors, especially social integration

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16
Q

Who is Harriet Matrineau?

A

English, Feminist sociologist travelled U.S. for studies on poverty, anti-slavery, Head of Society in America, only recognized for translating Comte’s work

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17
Q

Who is Jane Addams?

A

Cofounded Hull-House in Chicago for immigrants, aged, sick and poor, social reformist, co-winner of Nobel Peace Prize

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18
Q

Who is W.E.B. Du Bois?

A

1st AA to earn doctorate @ Harvard, race relations b/w, founded NAACP

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19
Q

Explain theory vs. reform..

A

(basic vs. applied) Talcott Parsons: analyze, not act. C. Wright Mills: study and reform

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20
Q

Explain Public Sociology

A

A middle ground between research and reform

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21
Q

What is the functionalism perspective?

A

Questions what holds a society together/maintains cohesion. Structure & Function

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22
Q

What is the conflict theory perspective?

A

Questions what causes problems with a society - tears it apart. Inequality of power, conflict & change

23
Q

What is the symbolic interactionism perspective?

A

Questions How do people interact with each other - how do those interactions shape society? social interactions=symbols of society’s values

24
Q

What is the Microlevel Analysis?

A

The approach focuses on small group vs. large-scale social structures/close-up focus on social interaction specifically

25
Q

What is the Macrolevel Analysis?

A

The approach that examines whole societies/broad focus/large scale

26
Q

Basics of sociological research?

A

Sociological research need to be objective, neutral, replicated for consistency

27
Q

Explain the research process

A

select topic, define problem, review lit, form hypothesis, choose research method, collect data, analyze, share

28
Q

How do you operationalize and measure a variable?

A

Operationalize=specify what research measures. Measurement=determines value of variable

29
Q

What are the six types of research methods?

A

surveys, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, unobtrusive measures.

30
Q

Explain research by survey method

A

Requires populations/target group, sample (representing population) and/or random sample, unbiased question(s) by questionnaire or interview

31
Q

Explain the participant observation method

A

Also known as fieldwork, living in research setting while observing

32
Q

Explain the secondary analysis research method

A

Analyzing data/studies collected by others

33
Q

Explain the experiment research method

A

good to find cause & effect, independent variable=factor that causes a change in other variable. Dependent variable=factor that is changed

34
Q

What is culture?

A

Language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors and material objects (passed down from one gen to the next)

35
Q

What are the two components of culture?

A

Material/objects & nonmaterial/beliefs, values, other assumptions of the world

36
Q

What are components of symbolic culture?

A

gestures/nonverbal & language/verbal

37
Q

How does our culture influence us?

A

Once internalized, culture becomes the lens through which we perceive and evaluate everything around us

38
Q

Describe culture shock

A

Disorientation experienced from contact with cultures different from ours - eaves us unable to depend on taken-for-granted assumptions about life

39
Q

Describe ethnocentrism

A

Using own culture as a yardstick to judge other cultures (leads to negative evaluation)

40
Q

Describe cultural relativism

A

Counteracts ethnocentrism=attempts to understand a culture on its own terms

41
Q

Explain values, norms and sanctions

A

Values are the idea of what is desirable, norms are expectations that reflect values, sanctions are expressions of approval or disapproval for following or breaking norms

42
Q

Explain folkways, mores and taboos

A

Folkways are norms not strictly enforced, mores are very strictly enforced/conformity insisted, taboos are norms that if violated, brings revulsion/expulsion

43
Q

Explain subcultures

A

Subcultures are smaller worlds within larger (more dominant) worlds

44
Q

Describe countercultures

A

Countercultures’ values, beliefs & consequent behavior are in opposition of dominant culture

45
Q

What is a pluralistic society?

A

A society made of many different groups

46
Q

What are core values?

A

values shared by most of the groups in a society

47
Q

What core values did Robin Williams (1965) list as American values?

A

achievement & success, individualism, handwork, efficiency & practicality, science & technology, material comfort, freedom, democracy,equality, group superiority (new additions: education, religiosity, romantic love

48
Q

What is a value contradiction?

A

when real-life culture contradicts ideal values

49
Q

What are emerging value clusters in USA?

A

leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, youthfulness, and concern for the environment

50
Q

describe culture wars

A

culture wars are clashes in values between traditionalists and those advocating change in their culture

51
Q

How does technology affect culture?

A

technology (skills, procedures, tools) sets the framework for a group’s nonmaterial culture

52
Q

what is cultural lag?

A

not all parts of culture change at the same pace. A group’s material culture changes first with nonmaterial culture lagging behind

53
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

When contacts with other groups cause people to learn and adopt things they find desirable

54
Q

What is cultural leveling?

A

Cultural leveling is the process in which cultures become more and more similar to one another

AVIAN A&P (2 decks)

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