Soc terms Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
Globalization
A
the growing economic, political, and social interconnectedness among societies throuhgout the world.
2
Q
Challenges in Globalization
A
Increase travel means greater risk of communicable diseases being spread accross regions (eg., Rio Olympics)Reduces power of government to tax corporation and the wealthy (eg., ireland used low taxes to lure apple headquarters from the US. ) ( lower taxes means less revenue for governments and that means they have greater difficulty paying for healthcare and social services.) Reduces working conditions in poor countries (eg., many nations offer free trade Zones, - creating a piece of land that isnt subject to national laws and taxes.)
3
Q
why did healthcare start in Canada versus elsewhere in the world.
A
Pure meritocracy is not real - Children born to rich fams have a large advantage over those who aren’t
4
Q
Only wealthy nation that operates without free/universal health care
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United States
5
Q
Dramaturgical Perspective
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thinking of life as a play. - Erving Goffman said that our daily interaction are similar to a theater performance.
6
Q
Reason 1 for why people fear the mentally ill
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Norms - rules everyone agrees on for how we should behave - (people with mental illness don’t always follow these agreed upon rules. - which can make their behavior seem strange, (can lead to misunderstandings) eg., walking past somone talking to themselves on the street.
7
Q
Reason 2 why people fear the mentally ill
A
Folkways - societies habits and manners, saying sorry when you accidentally bump into someone. (people are afraid of those with mental illness because many end up in trouble with the law.)Laws- more formal norms with legal consequences (not stealing etc..) people with mental illness can struggle with following common habits and manners (folkways) and can lead to probs with the police. eg., homless attracting police for loitering
8
Q
Reason 3 - why people fear the mentally ill
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We associate almost al illegitimate violence with Mental illness - Gun violence for example - when we hear about gun violence the common response is to point to poor mental health of the perpetrator. (hard to define mentall illness) eg., Las Vegas shooter wasnt considered mentally ill until after the shooting.
9
Q
Competition as a coercive force (Marx)
A
Companies have one main goal (make as much money as possible)(players in a tough game - if they focus on anything else, they could be taken over or go out of business (loose the game.). (corporations arent evil because they’re not people.) (they are just playing by the rules of the game.)
10
Q
Webers principle of bureaucracy
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Bureaucracy makes sure people stick to their job roles and responsibilities. eg., if a banker starts giving out loans based on personal feelings instead of financial factors - they could be fired by their boss. No room for personal judgement - people must do their job within the rules of their positions, if they don’t they might be replaced.
11
Q
who holds corporations responsible?
A
Government: (job) we expect them to watch over companies but politicians get influenced by money. Consumers: (our power) we can make companies do the right thing by choosing what to buy - but most people care about cheap stuff rather than if companies are good or bad. (eg., unfair work conditions.) Justice/court systems: (legal fights) courts can make companies pay for bad stuff, fighting in court costs a lot. - makes it hard for the little guys to win. Company trickery: even if a company gets sued they can use their money to make it trickey to prove they did something wrong. (act like they didnt know better.)
12
Q
Bad science
A
Problematic in the health and nutrition field. (many industries pay for their own scientific studies in the food industry - the studies mislead the public and make people doubt science) - eg., something is a superfood one day and another its bad for you
13
Q
“Drug”
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refers to any chemical substance that : has a direct effect on the user’s physical, psychological, and/or intellectual functioning.has the potential to be abused. has adverse consequences for the individial and/or society.
14
Q
most commonly used drugs
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Caffiene, alcohol, tobacco, and nicotine.
15
Q
perscription and non perscription drugs
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anti-depressants, adderall, morphine, cough syrup, and other drugs that are harmful to society.
16
Q
Illicit drugs
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Cocaine, crack, MDMA/ecstast, herion, magic mushrooms, acid etc..
17
Q
Strong emotions and drugs
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strong emotions/stressful situation can be similar to drugs becuase they release hormones and chemicals like cortisol and adrenaline. eg., people being addicted to conflicts or drama.
18
Q
What percent of adults worldwide smoke cigarettes.
A
20% of the adult population smokes cigarettes. - 80% of those come from low to middle income countries.
19
Q
What percent of adults worldwide drink alcohol?
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50% of the worlds adult population reports drinking alcohol and most are from high income countries.
20
Q
What percent of adults worldwide have used illicit drugs.
A
3.5 - 7%between the ages of 15 -64 (162-324 million people reported using at least one illicit drug the previous year.)
21
Q
Drug framing
A
how something is socially constructed or how society is taught to view a certain thing - great contridiction in how drugs are framed in North America. eg., alcohol and tobacco use is tolerated and promoited in movies and mass media. however, use of cocaine use is framed as problematic and shameful.
22
Q
Drug addiction
A
the worry that the drug will not be used in moderation (considered an addiction or chemical dependence when the use is compulsive and the user is unable to stop.)
23
Q
Drug abuse
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drugs are abused when someone uses drugs in a way that goes against normal standards. - leading to negative physical, mental, or social effects. eg., if some takes drugs in a way that causes harm to themselves or others.
24
Q
How does structural functionalism see the drug legaliztion debate?
A
Do not legalize: they are dysfunctional for individuals and ruins lives, making them illegal helps police, and it is dysfunctional for society why add more potential problems.Legalize: use serves a function in letting people blow off steam and deal with tough probs, criminalizing them is very costly and causes more hars, drugs are only more dangerous because they are produced by criminals.
25
structural functionalism
big well organized machine. Each part (like family, school, government.) has its own job and they all work together to keep society running. (a machine needs all its parts to function correctly, society needs all its institution to work together for it to operate effectively.
26
Gateway Drug theory
People say weed is a "gateway drug" - means it leads others to trying more harmful substances - (people think that if weed isn't so bad, maybe other drugs aren't either.)
27
Symbolic interactionism
like understanding life as an ongoing play where people communicate through words and gestures, create meaning together, and adjust their roles based on the social "script." It's about how we give meaning to things and understand each other through our everyday interactions.
28
Symbolic interactionism and drug legalization
if we call drug users criminals, they might end up acting like criminals - hard to get jobs with a criminal record, and by putting them in jail they are getting connections to other criminals. - roles, rules, and meaning are attatched to our social play.
29
Neuroscience
A branch of life sciences that deal with the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, or molecular biology of nerves and nervous tissue and especially with their relation to behavior and learning .
30
Neuroscience and addiction
our brains don't like pain, so when we find a way to escape it, like using drugs our brain crates a habit. like a shortcut they take to feel better, and the habit gets stronger overtime which is what addiction is.
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3 stages of addiction
1- Binge and intoxication: inistial association of euphoria with drug use. 2- withdrawal and negative effect: lower dopamine release (individual feels worse due to withdrawl after use 3- Anticipation and craving: nueral network of drug use being associated with pleasure/removal of pain ingrained further as a learned behavioral habit.
32
Neuroscience theories of drug use
your emotions are like a scale. If you have a lot of pain and negative feelings, and not much positive stuff you may see drugs as a way to balance things out. once the brain links drug use to pleasure or escaping pain, it starts really wanting drugs (cravings) Usually why people turn to drugs when they are having a tough time.
33
Alienation
its like feeling really far from what makes us human (feeling a bit out of place or not yourself)
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Self actualization:achieving ones full potential including creative activitiesEsteem needs: prestige and feeling of accomplishment.belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships, friends. safety needs:security, safety physiological needs:food, water, warth, rest
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Example of Alienation
imagine making chairs - think about each day, start with raw materials, design the chair, cut the pieces, and build it (try different woods or designs to add your personal touch) by the end you see a chair and you will feel proud, like you've accomplished something. relate to alienation: you go to work but instead of designing and creating, you're told to repeat the same simple task over and over, you don't get to use your creativity to try new things and everyday feels the same. (missing out on the joy of creating and feeling disconnected from your work.)
36
Ethnocentrism
When you believe your group is best, and everything should be done your way. its like thinking your gang has the coolest rules and everyone should follow them.
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Sweatshops
a crowded workplace with very poor, socially unacceptable or illegal working conditions. - workers are poorly paid, work long hours and work in poor conditions.
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Our role in sweatshops (why do they exist)
sweatshops exist to provide us cheaper products; when we purchase products made in such conditions, we in a sense condone it. (amazon/apple.) - why would they stop this production if the consumers don't care about the process.
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Sweatshop in bangladesh
8 story garment factory in Bangladesh where employees worked for 10-16 houts sfor 96 usd a month - collapsed (building owner declared it was safe after and engineer was paid/bribed to deem it so. - manager ordered the workers back in.) - 3122 in building 1,134 died and 2500 were injured. - the owner only got 3 years in prison, and company was forced to pay 200 usd to victims families. (only if had DNA proof.)
40
Special economic zones
foreign trade zones and free trade zones
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What is it? (economic zone)
a special area in a country that pretends to be outside the countrus regular rules. - imagine there is a little zone in a country, in this special zone usually country rules like laws, taxes, and other official stuff don't really apply.
42
Issues with Economic zones
in richer countries, special zones help businesses without extra fees, but in poor ones these zones can cause a big prob. 1. no working and enviroment rules (ignore a countries rules about treating workers right. )2. breaking working rights (extra hours no pay , harmful chemicals etc..) 3.low pay and unfair stuff: workers might get paid less than they should, and some might loose their job for being pregnant. (these violate the ILO (international labor organization policies.)
43
Impact of globalization on workers
1. worker problems: there are many cases where human rights and work rules are broken globally. this causes a lot of pain for workers. 2. big companies get more powerfulthe world being more connected has a big effect on how workers are treated and how big companies gain more power.
44
What is power?
its not just about doing whatever you want easily, it is more about being able to achieve your goals even when others are trying to stop you. we need to not only look at who is in conflict, we need to look at the power and resources each side has and determine who has an advantage.
45
how did Globalization occur?
it is a longtime companion in human history - been around as long as countires have existed. its happened through -migration : people moving from one place to another global trade : countries exchanging good and services not so nice methods : like war and colonization when a powerful group takes over and claim a place as their own eg., europe colonizing non- european countries during the World Wars
46
Economic globalization
trade in good, trade in services, diversity of trade partnerships, foreign direct investment (investing in vusinesses outside of ones country)international debt, international reserves, international income payments
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Social globalization
International telephone calls, international money transfers, international tourism, international students, immigration, emigration, international patents, internet bandwidth on international content (access to online info from other countries) , International trademarks, Ikeas stores, McDonalds stores.
48
Political Globalization
Embassies, UN peacekeeping missions, international NGO's present.
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Overall Globalization
Economic, Social, and Political globalization combined
50
Free market
No Regulations: It's like letting things run without many rules.Government Stays Out: The government doesn't get too involved in setting rules or prices.Opposite of More Control: It's not like systems where the government has a big say, such as Socialism or Communism.Supply and Demand Rules: Prices are mainly decided by what people want and what's available.Invisible Hand Idea: Think of it as letting the economy sort itself out without too much interference.(Laissez-faire)
51
Free trade agreement
A pact between two or more countries that makes it easier to trade goods across national boundaries. less export rules - you can send things out more freely no extra taxes on imports - stuff coming in doesnt have extra charges protecting ideas - making sure that peoples creative ideas are safe and ownded by them
52
Tariffs
eg., buying toys from another country - a tariff is like an extra fee you have to pay when those toys arrive in your country. its a way for your country to make those toys a bit more expensive.(Import fees)
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Quota
a rule set by the government that says, "Okay, we're only allowing a specific amount of certain things to be brought into or sent out of our country within a certain time frame." It's like setting a limit on how many items can be traded with other countries.
54
Embargo
a serious timeout in international relations. When countries aren't getting along, one might say, "Okay, we're not going to trade or do business with you at all." It's a way to put pressure on a country, like giving them a timeout until they address the issues causing the problem. During an embargo, there's a complete stop to buying or selling things with that country.
55
Sanctions
giving a country a limited penalty. It's not a complete timeout like an embargo; instead, it's more specific. It could involve freezing assets or stopping certain types of business, like telling your banks they can't work with certain countries. So, it's like a targeted punishment instead of a total trade shutdown.
56
Levies
legal tools that a bank or tax authority can use to take someone's property if they owe a debt. It's a way for them to get what's owed to them.
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The Bourgeoisie
those that owned the means of production (businesses and factories)
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The proletariat
workers
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Labor theory of Value
Workers make stuff worth more than what they are paid, and the business owners benefit from the extra value
60
Social locations
various aspects that make each person unique, like gender, race, social class, age, and where they live etc... these factors shape out experiences and views on the world.
61
Offshoring
the relocation of jobs to other countries where products can be produced for cheaper
62
Confirmation Bias
favoring info that confirms out existing beliefs of values (eg., like wearing sunglasses that make everything look the way you want it to, you are more likely to notice and remember things that agree with what you already think and you might not pay attention to things that challenge your ideas.
63
Ascribed Status
traits you get automatically without choosing, like being born with a certain eye color or getting a family name etc.. things you don't pick and may effect how people see you
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Achieved status
badges you earn by doing things in life, getting a diploma, or becoming a team captain - statuses you work for or achieve through your actions.
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Master statuses
Having one role that stands out so much that is becomes the most important thing people notice about you in any situation.(E.g. Jungkook is a k-pop star before he's anything else)
66
Verstehen
basically putting yourself in someone else's shoes. - imaging how they feel or what its like to be in their situation. (Sympathy)
67
Standpoint theory
saying your position in society affects what you know. it points out that science isn't always fair because it sometimes leaves out the views of women, minorities, LGBTQ+ and people with less money (a reminder to listen to different perspectives for a better understanding.)
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Epistemology
How do we know things? - it suggests that what we know is connected to the society we live in. If I'm studying sociology and I learned a lot from traditional sources about general societal stuff, but not much about women's perspectives, it's because historical biases led to poor training on these issues. So, I had to do my own research to understand more about women's experiences.
69
Matrix of oppression
like saying there is a mix of different challenges that people can face based on race and gender etc.. for black women having a mix of callenges gives them a special way of looking at things. - because they experience racism and sexism.
70
A feminist
the belief in social, economic, and political equality for the sexes.
71
Ideal type
Imagine you have a bunch of similar things, and you're trying to figure out what makes them all alike. You pick out the common stuff and create a perfect, imaginary example that has all those common things. That imaginary example is the "ideal type." It's like making up a perfect model based on what you see in real things.
72
Patriarchy
the system of male domination in society.
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Sex
A person's biological classification as male, female, or intersex
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Sexuality
A person's sexual orientation which comprises that person's sexual attraction, behavior, and identity.
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Gender
A socially constructed identity that traditionally corresponded to the binary sexes, male and female, but also includes non binary identities.
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Non Binary
Any gender identity that is not strictly male or female all the time, so it does not fit within the gender binary
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Gender Identity
How a person feels about being a man, women, both or neither, or anywhere in between. your personal inner sense of your own gender.
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Gender Expression
the way in which a person presents themselves in terms of gender. Forexample, masculine, feminine, or non-binary expressions that can be within or outside of the traditional gender spectrum
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Gender roles
jobs or behaviors that society expects you to have based on whether you are a boy or girl. -rules made by society not by you
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Traits of Biological sex
Chromosomes XX (female) XY (male) and non binary X, XXY, XXYYreproductive organs reproductive hormones external reproductive genitals ability to bear children
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Social construct
made up idea that everyone in a group decides is true. - not a natural thing people just agree on it by talking to each other.
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Evolutionary theory
humans are a big family with all living things. - evolutionary theory says we are not separate from nature - we are all connected and have evolved (tells us that nature wants diversity, just like having different skills in a family helps everyone cope with life. It's all about being part of a big, diverse family where everyone has their unique strengths.)
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Heteronormativity
the belief that sexual activity between people of the opposite sex is the natural expression of sexuality (social construct)
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Cultural diffusion
the spreading of ideas and issues between countries.
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Culture
unique style that a group of people or society has - different aspects of how they think, create, and live their lives. (what people believe, how they behave, what they think is important, and the symbols they use to communicate these ideas.)
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Path dependency
your future choices are tied to the steps you've already taken - its like saying the footprints you leave behind influence where you can go next on your journey through life.
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Liquid modernity
life is like a fast-flowing river of constant change - and its challenging to impose stability or order on it
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Socialization
lifelong learning journey where you figure out how to act and fit in with the people around you. It's about picking up the rules and customs of your group or society by interacting with others throughout your life. In simple terms, it's learning how to behave in a way that's expected by the people you're around. (Like socializing a dog)
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Sexism
the belief that innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differencesconfirm the superiority of men over women.
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Innate
means something is natural, like it's built in from the start. It's what you're born with, not something you learn or pick up from others. So, if you have an innate ability or quality, it's like it's always been a part of you since day one.
91
Structural sexism
when the way things are organized in society makes it tougher for people because of their gender. It's like saying the system has rules that treat guys and girls differently, and it's not fair.
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gender socialization
such as stereotypes (ex:men are better at math, women are better nurturers hence teachingand nursing) as well as differences in values (men value income more,women value work-life balance and having a fulfilling career thatinvolves helping others).
93
Cultural sexism
when the beliefs and traditions in a society keep treating people differently based on their gender. It's like saying certain aspects of our culture make it so that some people are seen as less important or capable just because they are a certain gender. (girls getting dolls, kitchen sets - boys guns, cars etc..)
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Traditional Masculinity
what society expects from guys – things like taking care of their families, being polite, and so on. Some of these expectations are fine, like being a good family person. But sometimes, these expectations aren't so great, like hiding emotions or treating women as objects. So, it's a mix of okay and not-so-okay expectations for how guys should act.
95
Hegemonic Masculinity
idea that some aspects of being a man, like being strong and in control, are seen as the most important. This idea comes from the concept of dominance in society. So, it's like saying society often promotes the idea that men should be tough and in charge, which can put women and non-heterosexual men in a less powerful position. For example, thinking that men should always be big and tough. (Antonio Gramsci’s ) (RW Connell)
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Toxic Masculinity
when some ideas about how guys should be can cause real problems. It's not just about dominance but includes any negative stuff tied to being a man. Like, the idea that guys shouldn't show emotions besides anger can lead to issues like drinking too much. So, toxic masculinity is about the harmful things that can come from certain expectations on how men should act.
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Cognitive Dissonance
when your brain feels uncomfortable because you believe two things that don't go together. It happens when you get information that goes against something you strongly believe, and it makes you feel uneasy until you figure out a way to make both ideas fit together. (Wanting to be on a healthy diet but craving chocolate ice cream, so once you eat the ice cream you feel guilty about it)
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Mixed messages in Society
Men are taught to be gentlemen and not treat women as sexual objects yet sexual objectification of women is rampant in society (has become a part of masculinity.)
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perpetuating toxic masculinity
Mixed Messages in Society, Lack of Sexual Education
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why does the gender pay gap actually exist
1. Difference in occupational choices:2. Societal Expectations around childbirth3. Discrimination
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What is race?
a SOCIAL construct (it is not biological -genetically humans are 99.9% alike and there is no genetic test that determines race.)
102
Rachel Dolezal
passed as a black woman and became president of NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
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Race definition
a category of people who are perceived to share distinct physical characteristics that are deemed socially significant.
104
Racial classification system is learned how?
originally in the 1920’s in North America groups like Italians, Greeks, members ofthe Jewish community, and the Irish were not considered to be white and many did not want to allow them access to Canada.The Irish, for example, were originally unwanted immigrants. They were poor, spoke funny, and had cultural differences many Canadian despised such as not having “proper” manners and being from another culture (i.e. not following norms).
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Ascriptive traits
they are not things people choose or really have control over
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Ethnicity
a shared cultural heritage or nationality”. It is also socially constructed. (language, family structures and roles, religious beliefs etc..)
107
differences between race and ethnicity
Race is more tied to physical characteristics - more fixed and harder to hide than ethnicity, which can often be hidden more easily (i.e. changing name, hiding one’s accent, etc.)
108
Immigration
refers to the movement of people into a country from another. It is often the result of push and pull factors.
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Push Factors
Aspects of a country that make someone want to leave
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Pull Factors
Aspects of another country that make someone want to go live there.
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Why has immigration become such a big issue in recent politics aroundthe world?
Increasing immigration is due primarily to immigrants being accepted legally versusbeing due to increased illegal immigration or other nefarious means. This increase has been necessary due to birth rates being significantly lower than beforeSince people are having fewer kids today, Canada does not actually have enoughchildren being born to replace the population. For this reason we MUST rely on immigration. There is no scenario where it would bepossible to be sustainable as a country without immigration due to the low birth rates in Canada
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Racism
when people believe that your race determines how good or capable you are, and they think one race is better than others.
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Prejudice
when you form opinions about someone or a group without knowing the facts. It's like deciding you don't like something or someone without really thinking about it.
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Decline Bias
when people compare the past to the present and think things are getting worse just because they're changing. This, combined with racism and prejudice, can make some people believe their country is worse because of immigration.
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Scapegoating
the act of blaming a person or group for something bad that hashappened or that someone else has done For example, blaming the rise in inflation or an inability to get a job on immigration.
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Assimilation
when people from different backgrounds become a part of the main culture in a society. It's similar to a "melting pot" where everyone mixes together. For instance, when new immigrants in Canada start adopting Canadian ways of life.
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Pluralism
a mix of different cultures where each keeps its own special identity. It's often called a "cultural mosaic," where various cultures exist side by side without losing their uniqueness. It's a bit like having a collection of different puzzle pieces, and each piece is distinct and contributes to the overall picture. (Salad bowl)
118
echo chambers
being in a room where everyone agrees with you. You only hear ideas that match what you already think, so your own beliefs get stronger, and you might not even hear different opinions.
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Brain Drain
the imigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country and they usually work a minimum wage job
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Overt Discrimination
clear and direct discrimination that is not hidden (in the sensethat prejudiced beliefs are clearly the perpetrator’s motivation).
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Subtle Discrimination
unclear or indirect discrimination that is difficulty to analyzeor describe due to the perpetrators motivations being unclear.
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Systemic Discrimination
when the way things are set up in society, like rules or how organizations work, is unfair to certain groups. It creates or continues problems for those who are already treated unfairly. It's like having built-in rules that make life harder for some people.
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Adaptive Discrimination
when someone treats a group unfairly not because they personally believe in prejudice, but because they're afraid of how others, who do hold prejudiced beliefs, might react. It's like they're adapting their behavior to avoid problems with prejudiced people, even if they don't share the same beliefs. (eg., a landlord not renting to a minority group in a primarily white apartment - due to fear that other tenants might leave.)
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Cultural Racism
when a society's way of doing things and its beliefs make some people feel less important just because of their race. It's like the culture is part of the problem, treating people unfairly based on their race.
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Whitewashing
trying to hide or change facts to make something look better than it actually is.eg., when people in the southern U.S. say the Civil War wasn't about slavery, but about states' rights. They're trying to make it seem like the South wasn't fighting to keep slavery, but for their own independence. This way, they can still use Confederate symbols without feeling guilty about supporting something related to slavery.
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Conscious Discrimination
“overt (readily apparent/not secret or hidden) negative behavior that can be expressed through physical and verbal harassment or through more subtle means such as exclusion”
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Unconscious or Implicit Discrimination
when bias happens without a person realizing it. It's like having unfair thoughts or treating someone differently without being aware of it. The tricky part is that it can go against what a person says they believe, and they might not even know it's happening. It's like having biased thoughts sneak into how someone feels or acts without them fully realizing it.
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Microaggression
a comment or action that subtly and often unconsciously orunintentionally expresses a prejudiced attitude toward a member of a marginalizedgroup (such as a racial minority) eg., asking a person of color where they are "really" from.
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4 tenets of Critical Race theory
1. Race is a social construct NOT biological - it is used to oppress and exploit POC2. Racism is a normal, persistent, and defining characteristic of social institutions including politics, the legal system, the economy, and all other societal institutions/structures3. Progress on racial issues occurs primarily during periods of interest convergence 4. Individuals cannot be adequately understood by their membership in separatemarginalized communities. In other words, marginalization is intersectional.
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Interest Convergence
when the powerful or dominant group supports the interests of a less powerful group, but only because it also benefits them. It's a bit like joining forces, but mainly because it helps the stronger group, not just because it's the right thing to do for the weaker group.
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Intersectional
when a person belongs to more than one group that faces challenges, and these challenges pile up, making things even tougher for them. For example, if someone is part of both a racial minority and a gender minority, the difficulties they face can be more intense because of the combination of these factors. (black women)
132
Proportionality
making sure things are the right size or amount compared to each other. For example, in the U.S., 59% of people are White, and 13% are Black. Proportionality is about looking at these numbers and seeing if they are in balance or if there's a big difference between them.
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Social Desirability Bias
when people in surveys tend to say things that make them look good or socially acceptable, and they might not be completely honest about things that could be seen as not so good or socially acceptable. It's like trying to paint a better picture of themselves.
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Sampling Bias
when a survey doesn't include certain groups of people, either on purpose or by mistake. For instance, if surveys mainly get responses from a certain class or race, it means the voices of other groups might be left out. This can lead to inaccurate predictions, like what happened in the 2016 U.S. election polls, where some groups' opinions were not well-represented.
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intergeneration trauma
trauma that gets passed down from those who directly experience an incident tosubsequent generations.
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contact hypothesis
the idea that when different groups of people interact with each other, it can change their views and opinions about each other. In simpler terms, meeting and getting to know people from different groups can help reduce prejudices and foster understanding.
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Feedback Loop
a never-ending circle where what happens next is influenced by what happened before.
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Matthew Effect
describes a situation where the rich get richer and the poor find it difficult to catch up
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Relative Deprivation
anger and resentmentstemming from the perception of having less economic, political, and social resources and rights than other groups.
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The reasons we see for disproportionate police contact
Overt and conscious discrimination by police;Subtle and systemic discrimination by police, such as through statistical discrimination;Negative contact between police and Black communities resulting in feedback loop ofmutual distrust.Socio-economic disadvantage, intergeneration trauma, relative deprivation, and lowersense of mastery leading to lower socio-economic statuses.
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Informal social control
non-official type of control exercised forviolating norms, laws, folkways, or anything someone else deems inappropriatee.g., when a class complains to their instructor that a test was too hard.
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Formal social control
official type of control exercised forviolating the policy, rules, laws, or regulation of a formal body.e.g., when a student fails a class for plagiarizing on their paper.
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Law Enforcement Officials
Includes campus police, city police, provincial police, federal law enforcement such as the RCMP, and more
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Criminal Courts
exist to ensure laws are executed fairly and with due process
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Prisons
exist to ensure punishments are enforced and public safety is upheld
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What are the odds of being killed/murdered in Canada
0.00002%
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Why do you think so many people believe that the odds are so much higher?
A lot of it has to do with homicides almost always making the news compared to most other crimes, and due to public fascination with murder as a crime leading to alarge amount of media discussing or portraying the issue
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why do we think homicide/murder is so common?
The media plays a significant role here as a disproportionate number of new stories, movies, TV series, etc. focus on murder, serial killers, and other violent crime due to these topics getting high ratings
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4 crime facts
Every place has formal rules (laws) and people who break those rules, but there is great variation between countries.Most countries have the same components in their criminal justice system (law enforcement, courts, and prisons)Adult males are disproportionately crime suspects and perpetrators in all countries.In all countries, theft is the most common type of crime and violent crime is relatively rare.
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Merton’s Strain Theory
how people handle the pressure when society's goals (like getting rich) don't match up with the acceptable ways to achieve them. When there aren't proper ways for everyone to reach these goals, it causes stress. Basically, society teaches us all to want the same things, but it doesn't give everyone the same chances to get them
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5 adaptations to strain
Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion.
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What are the culturally defined goals in our society?
Be happy, healthy ,safe, needs met. - beyond that (wealthy/rich, needs met and then some, be able to take care of friends and family etc..)
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What are the legitimate means in our society?
Safest way to reach the goal - college education and then a full time job. means that don’t involve education: entrepreneur, model, singer, actor, rapper, professional athlete, social media star, and so on. (not aton of options here to get rich/just not be poor without education) Not legitimate means: Anything that involves breaking laws.
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Conformity
when people go along with what society says they should want (like material stuff) and how they should get it. people do this because society teaches us to believe in these goals and the ok ways to achieve them. It's like valuing possessions, trusting the justice system, thinking things are fair, or following religious beliefs e.g., those who work hard at low paying jobs instead of turning to crime.
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Innovation
wanting the same stuff society says is good (like success or money) but not doing things the approved way. This is often linked with criminal behavior. It's more likely to happen when people grow up in really poor situations without the usual ways to reach society's goals (like doing well in school, having a good job). When good, well-paying jobs are around, and people can earn a living the right way, crime tends to go down.
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Ritualism
when people play by the rules and work hard, but they don't care much about the usual goals that society says are important, like getting rich or powerful. For example, someone might follow all the rules, get a good education, and work hard, but they're not really aiming for big money or influence. It's like those who become religious leaders or people who spend a lot of time and money helping others but live simple lives themselves.
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Retreatism
when people say "no" to both the usual goals society promotes (like success or wealth) and the accepted ways to achieve them. Think of the hippy movement as a classic example – they rejected the typical goals and paths. A more modern example could be someone spending their life backpacking around the world without settling down, getting married, having kids, or pursuing a traditional career.
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Rebellion
like saying "no" to the usual goals and ways society likes. But instead of just rejecting them, rebels come up with new goals and ways. For example, people who protest against certain systems, support different political ideas, or want a society they think is better without certain groups they don't like.
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Conflict Theory’s View of Crime
suggests that inequality in society leads to crime. This includes crimes like burglary or joining gangs as a way to support oneself or family economically.
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Conflict Theory’s View of Crime #2
Crime happens more when businesses have too much influence on the government. In the US, the rules about how much money companies can give to politicians are not very strict. This means businesses can affect how the government works, and it might not focus enough on keeping the public safe. (In the US, there's a lot of gun violence. One reason is that it's really easy for people to buy guns due to the not-so-strict rules.)
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Conflict Theory’s View of Crime #3
looks at how crimes are punished and how the police handle cases.(white collar crime - rich people doing illegal stuff related to business. catching them is hard because police are trained for normal crimes not digging through financial docs.
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Conflict Theory’s View of Crime #4
looks at how the legal system treats people differently based on their wealth.1.Rich vs. Poor Lawyers: The legal system tends to favor the rich. Private lawyers, who work for wealthy clients, make a lot more money than public defenders. the best lawyers often work for the rich, giving them better chances in court.2. Punishments and Money: Instead of going to prison, some people get alternative punishments like meeting with a parole officer, doing community service, or paying fines. But these options can be tough for poor folks. For instance, they may not have reliable transportation for meetings or money to pay fines.3. Predicting Future Crimes: Judges often consider whether someone might commit more crimes when deciding on a punishment. This can lead to unfair treatment of the poor. For example, a judge might think a middle-class kid is likely to follow the law, but a poor kid might be seen as more likely to commit crimes based on things like family resources, living in a certain neighborhood, or future job prospects. This isn't fair, but it happens in reality.
