soc/pysch Flashcards
self serving bias
an individual attributes their own success to dispositional factors (individual characteristics) and their failures to external factors
actor observer bias
refers to a tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes.
stereotype threat
perceived vulnerability that an individual experiences
when they feel at risk of conforming to a negative stereotypes. individuals are likely to experience decrease in performance on tasks following heightened arousal
what is stereotype threat commonly misunderstood as?
that individuals are conforming to the negative stereotype but this is misunderstood bc they are not actually conforming. decrease in performance is due to unfavourable levels of arousal
sleep disorders can be classified as what?
either as dysomnias or parasomnias
what is a parasomnia?
sleep disorder characterized by abonrmal behaviour during sleep such as night terrors or sleep walking
what is a dysomnia?
affects sleep latency or impairs your sleep quality
sleeping too much/too little or at inappropriate times
what is status?
status is a social position within society
what is an ascribed status?
any social status of a person that is assigned to them. this is not earned or chosen by them. this can be assigned either at birth or any point throughout life
what is an achieved status?
a social position that someone acquires based on merit, its a position that is earned or chosen
what is charismatic authority?
authority derived from peoples individual qualities which other people may respect or admire.ex) students treating their regular teacher better compared to the sub teacher.
this care both of them have the same role but obedience is based on teachers personal characteristics.
what is the Myers-briggs personality type indicator?
its a self report inventory, its designed to identify a persons personality type, strengths and preferences. it focuses on pairs of behaviours: extraversion or introversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling and judging or perceiving
what is social cognitive perspective?
looks at the relationship between intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors and behavioural factors and how they influence personality
what is the psychodynamic perspective?
explains personality In terms of subconscious
or unconscious psychological processes
what is the behaviourist approach?
how awards and punishment can influence the frequency of desirable or undesirable behaviour
what are p values?
it describes how likely an experimental result occurred due to chance, when a p value is less then 0.05 it is statistically significant
what is drive reduction theory?
deviations from homeostasis creates physiological needs which motivate behaviour
what does an experimental study involve?
manipulation of the independent behaviour
yerkes Dodson law
suggests there is a relationship between performance and arousal. increased arousal can help improve performance but only up to a certain point. at moderate level of arousal, performance is improved, but when arousal becomes excessive performance is diminished.
what is social interference?
social interference is the decrease in performance resulting from performing the task in front of a crowd
what is general adaptation syndrome?
developed by Hans Selye to describe the stages the body goes through during stress
what is James Lange theory?
James Lange theory of emotion posits that emotions arise from physiological arousal
socialization
socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of culture into young adults and adolescence. one method of doing this is mass media
what are agents of socialization?
family, religion, peer groups and media
what is false consciousness ?
false consciousness is proposed by Karl Marx, it is a condition in which an individual does not realize the social class or the economic reality that they belong to
what is industrialization?
movement of individuals from rural areas to urban
rural flight?
movement of individuals from rural to urban
what is urban decay?
excessive density and crowding of the cities that it drives out the residents
what is gentrification?
character of poor area is changed by wealthy people moving in
what is social reproduction?
reproduction of structures which create inequality between generations
intergenerational poverty
when poverty is transmitted from one generation to another
teachers expectancy
influences how a student will perform, if a teacher has high expectations the student will perform better
self concept
what the individual believes to be true about themselves, this includes their understandings and their beliefs about the categories they belong to
self esteem
valence of their feelings towards themselves which could be negative or positive
theory of information processing
says purpose of dreams is to process content from the day and move it to long term memory
what does the activation synthesis model suggest?
that dreams are simply the brain interpreting the random activity during sleep
what is wish fulfillment theory?
by frued, dreams are an attempt by the brain to resolve repressed desires in the brain
what is evolutionary theory?
dreams allow humans to interact with imaginary threats to become prepared for these threats in the real world.
what is groupthink?
desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in irrational or dysfunctional decision making
what is deindividualization?
sense of dissociation from ones identity when they are in a crowd
what is social facilitation?
enhanced ability to perform a task in front of ppl
what is social interference?
decreased ability to perform a task in front of ppl
what is religiosity?
measure of how religious a person is based on their behaviours as outlined by the religion (adherence)
religious affiliation
identification of the religious group that a person belongs to
secularization?
decreased devotion to religious doctrines or practices
fundamentalism?
strict literal interpretation of religious text and a limited tolerance for other religions
what is the amygdala responsible for?
regulation of emotions
what does the fMRI or a functional MRI do?
it can visualize the oxygenation of blood in different parts of the brain which tells us the activity of those regions
what is observer bias?
tendency for an observer or an experimenter to influence the results of a measurement simply by taking part in the measurement. when a researcher studies a group they usually come to an experiment with prior knowledge and subjective feelings about the group being studied.
what is hindsight bias?
common tendency for people to perceive events that have already occurred as having been more predictable then they were before the events took place
what is social desirability bias?
tendency for participants in an experiemnt to offer information that they perceive to be desirable
what is obedience?
following explicit instructions from an authority figure without question
what is conformity?
behaviour carried out in response to pressure from others within a social group
what is charismatic authority?
when you obey someone bc of some special personality attribute they possses
what is rational legal authority?
authority ascribed to an individual bc of their socially appointed status
traditional authority ?
authority which is granted on the basis of long standing traditional customs.
prejudice
irrational feeling attributed towards a particular group, these are more based on affect then cognition
stereotypes
unfair cognitive judgement towards a group
discrimination
unfair behaviour specifically targeting a group
stigmas
cognitive labels attributed to a group
