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Sociology/Pysch > soc/pysch > Flashcards

soc/pysch Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

self serving bias

A

an individual attributes their own success to dispositional factors (individual characteristics) and their failures to external factors

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2
Q

actor observer bias

A

refers to a tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes.

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3
Q

stereotype threat

A

perceived vulnerability that an individual experiences
when they feel at risk of conforming to a negative stereotypes. individuals are likely to experience decrease in performance on tasks following heightened arousal

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4
Q

what is stereotype threat commonly misunderstood as?

A

that individuals are conforming to the negative stereotype but this is misunderstood bc they are not actually conforming. decrease in performance is due to unfavourable levels of arousal

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5
Q

sleep disorders can be classified as what?

A

either as dysomnias or parasomnias

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6
Q

what is a parasomnia?

A

sleep disorder characterized by abonrmal behaviour during sleep such as night terrors or sleep walking

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7
Q

what is a dysomnia?

A

affects sleep latency or impairs your sleep quality

sleeping too much/too little or at inappropriate times

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8
Q

what is status?

A

status is a social position within society

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9
Q

what is an ascribed status?

A

any social status of a person that is assigned to them. this is not earned or chosen by them. this can be assigned either at birth or any point throughout life

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10
Q

what is an achieved status?

A

a social position that someone acquires based on merit, its a position that is earned or chosen

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11
Q

what is charismatic authority?

A

authority derived from peoples individual qualities which other people may respect or admire.ex) students treating their regular teacher better compared to the sub teacher.
this care both of them have the same role but obedience is based on teachers personal characteristics.

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12
Q

what is the Myers-briggs personality type indicator?

A

its a self report inventory, its designed to identify a persons personality type, strengths and preferences. it focuses on pairs of behaviours: extraversion or introversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling and judging or perceiving

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13
Q

what is social cognitive perspective?

A

looks at the relationship between intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors and behavioural factors and how they influence personality

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14
Q

what is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

explains personality In terms of subconscious

or unconscious psychological processes

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15
Q

what is the behaviourist approach?

A

how awards and punishment can influence the frequency of desirable or undesirable behaviour

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16
Q

what are p values?

A

it describes how likely an experimental result occurred due to chance, when a p value is less then 0.05 it is statistically significant

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17
Q

what is drive reduction theory?

A

deviations from homeostasis creates physiological needs which motivate behaviour

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18
Q

what does an experimental study involve?

A

manipulation of the independent behaviour

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19
Q

yerkes Dodson law

A

suggests there is a relationship between performance and arousal. increased arousal can help improve performance but only up to a certain point. at moderate level of arousal, performance is improved, but when arousal becomes excessive performance is diminished.

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20
Q

what is social interference?

A

social interference is the decrease in performance resulting from performing the task in front of a crowd

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21
Q

what is general adaptation syndrome?

A

developed by Hans Selye to describe the stages the body goes through during stress

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22
Q

what is James Lange theory?

A

James Lange theory of emotion posits that emotions arise from physiological arousal

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23
Q

socialization

A

socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of culture into young adults and adolescence. one method of doing this is mass media

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24
Q

what are agents of socialization?

A

family, religion, peer groups and media

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25
Q

what is false consciousness ?

A

false consciousness is proposed by Karl Marx, it is a condition in which an individual does not realize the social class or the economic reality that they belong to

26
Q

what is industrialization?

A

movement of individuals from rural areas to urban

27
Q

rural flight?

A

movement of individuals from rural to urban

28
Q

what is urban decay?

A

excessive density and crowding of the cities that it drives out the residents

29
Q

what is gentrification?

A

character of poor area is changed by wealthy people moving in

30
Q

what is social reproduction?

A

reproduction of structures which create inequality between generations

31
Q

intergenerational poverty

A

when poverty is transmitted from one generation to another

32
Q

teachers expectancy

A

influences how a student will perform, if a teacher has high expectations the student will perform better

33
Q

self concept

A

what the individual believes to be true about themselves, this includes their understandings and their beliefs about the categories they belong to

34
Q

self esteem

A

valence of their feelings towards themselves which could be negative or positive

35
Q

theory of information processing

A

says purpose of dreams is to process content from the day and move it to long term memory

36
Q

what does the activation synthesis model suggest?

A

that dreams are simply the brain interpreting the random activity during sleep

37
Q

what is wish fulfillment theory?

A

by frued, dreams are an attempt by the brain to resolve repressed desires in the brain

38
Q

what is evolutionary theory?

A

dreams allow humans to interact with imaginary threats to become prepared for these threats in the real world.

39
Q

what is groupthink?

A

desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in irrational or dysfunctional decision making

40
Q

what is deindividualization?

A

sense of dissociation from ones identity when they are in a crowd

41
Q

what is social facilitation?

A

enhanced ability to perform a task in front of ppl

42
Q

what is social interference?

A

decreased ability to perform a task in front of ppl

43
Q

what is religiosity?

A

measure of how religious a person is based on their behaviours as outlined by the religion (adherence)

44
Q

religious affiliation

A

identification of the religious group that a person belongs to

45
Q

secularization?

A

decreased devotion to religious doctrines or practices

46
Q

fundamentalism?

A

strict literal interpretation of religious text and a limited tolerance for other religions

47
Q

what is the amygdala responsible for?

A

regulation of emotions

48
Q

what does the fMRI or a functional MRI do?

A

it can visualize the oxygenation of blood in different parts of the brain which tells us the activity of those regions

49
Q

what is observer bias?

A

tendency for an observer or an experimenter to influence the results of a measurement simply by taking part in the measurement. when a researcher studies a group they usually come to an experiment with prior knowledge and subjective feelings about the group being studied.

50
Q

what is hindsight bias?

A

common tendency for people to perceive events that have already occurred as having been more predictable then they were before the events took place

51
Q

what is social desirability bias?

A

tendency for participants in an experiemnt to offer information that they perceive to be desirable

52
Q

what is obedience?

A

following explicit instructions from an authority figure without question

53
Q

what is conformity?

A

behaviour carried out in response to pressure from others within a social group

54
Q

what is charismatic authority?

A

when you obey someone bc of some special personality attribute they possses

55
Q

what is rational legal authority?

A

authority ascribed to an individual bc of their socially appointed status

56
Q

traditional authority ?

A

authority which is granted on the basis of long standing traditional customs.

57
Q

prejudice

A

irrational feeling attributed towards a particular group, these are more based on affect then cognition

58
Q

stereotypes

A

unfair cognitive judgement towards a group

59
Q

discrimination

A

unfair behaviour specifically targeting a group

60
Q

stigmas

A

cognitive labels attributed to a group

Sociology/Pysch (2 decks)

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