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Soc 100 > Soc Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Soc Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cultural genocide?

A

the intentional extermination of an entire population defined as a “race” or a “people”

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2
Q

What is expulsion?

A

the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population e.g. what happened with the first nations in Canada

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3
Q

What is internal colonialism?

A

involves one race or ethnic group subjugating another in the same country, prevents assimilation by segregating the colonized in terms of jobs, housing etc.

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4
Q

What is institutional racism?

A

occurs when organizational policies and practices systematically discriminate against people of some racial group or groups

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5
Q

What is racism?

A

the belief that a visible characteristic of a group, such as skin colour, indicates group inferiority and justifies discrimination

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6
Q

What is symbolic ethnicity?

A

nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation, or that of the old country, that is not usually incorporated in everyday behavior e.g. eating perogies a couple of times because you are Ukrainian

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7
Q

Who have the most freedom to choose their identity?

A

white European Canadians

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8
Q

What does the symbolic interactionists suggest about race and ethnic relations?

A

that the development of racial and ethnic labels as well as identities is typically a process of negotiation where outsiders may impose a new label on them that they can then reject, accept or modify

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9
Q

Multiculturalism in Canada

A
  • emphasized tolerance of ethnic and racial differences
  • focuses less on cultural pluralism than on incorporating immigrants into larger society
  • enable members of cultural minorities to continue identifying with their heritage while eliminating barriers to their full participation in Canadian society
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10
Q

Race and ethnic groups in the 1990s in Canada

A
  • recent immigrants were less successful economically than one would expect
  • Canada experienced unusually high rates of unemployment
  • credentials of immigrants were not recognized
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11
Q

Ethnic and racial minorities in Canada in the 1970s

A
  • they were economically successful
  • economic differences among ethnic groups and to a lesser degree among racial groups diminished
  • ethnic and racial diversity among the wealthy, politicians at all levels of the government and professional groups increased
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12
Q

Ethnic group vs race?

A

race is a socially defined category of people whose apparent PHYSICAL markers are considered significant, while an ethnic group is made up of people whose apparent CULTURAL markers are considered to be significant

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13
Q

What is an ethnic group?

A

comprised of people whose perceived cultural markers are deemed socially significant (differ from one another in terms of language, religion, customs, values, ancestors etc.)

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14
Q

What is the vicious circle of racism?

A

1)
people use physical markers to distinguish groups. They then increase social inequality based on race by means of colonialism, slavery, etc.
2)
Different social conditions between superordinates and subordinates create behavioral differences between them (e.g. energetic vs lazy workers)
3)
People’s perceptions of behavioral differences create racial stereotypes. The stereotypes then become embedded in culture

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15
Q

race can be used to make a person or a group a scapegoat, but what is a scapegoat?

A

a disadvantaged person or category of people that others blame for their own problems

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16
Q

Why does race matter?

A

because it allows social inequality to be created and perpetuated

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17
Q

What is race?

A

a social construct used to distinguish people in terms of one or more physical markers, usually with profound effects on their lives

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18
Q

If biologists are suggesting to drop the term “race” from the vocabulary of science why are sociologists still using it?

A

because perceptions of race (racialization) continue to affect the lives of most people profoundly

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19
Q

What is discrimination?

A

unfair treatment of people because of their group membership

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20
Q

What is prejudice?

A

an attitude that judges a person according to his or her group’s real or imagined characteristics

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21
Q

Is there any biological explanation for race?

A

No it is a concept, sociologists have identified certain social conditions that undermine the argument that genes determine the behavior of racial groups (i.e. some social conditions will favor some to do better)

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22
Q

What is neoliberal globalization?

A

a policy that promotes:
private control of industry, minimal government interference in the running of the economy, removal of taxes/tariffs, and restrictive regulations that discourage international buying and selling of goods and services, and encouragement of foreign investment

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23
Q

What are the 4 main ways prospering semiperipheral countries differ from poorer peripheral countries?

A

1) Type of Colonialism
2) Geopolitical position
3) State policy
4) Social structure

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24
Q

What are semiperipheral capitalist countries?

A

former colonies that are making considerable headway in attempts to industrialize

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25
Q

What are peripheral capitalist countries?

A

major sources of raw materials and cheap labor

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26
Q

What are core capitalist countries?

A

major sources of capital and technology in the world

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27
Q

What are the 3 tiers of the “world system” that Immanuel Wallerstein developed?

A

1) Core capitalist countries
2) Peripheral capitalist countries
3) Semiperipheral capitalist countries

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28
Q

What are some reasons that poor societies are characteristically “dysfunctional”?

A

1)
Lack capital to invest in Western-style agriculture and industry
2)
Lack rational, Western-style business techniques of marketing, accounting, sales, and finance
3)
Lack Western-style stable governments that could provide a secure environment for investment
4)
Lack Western mentality that emphasizes the need for savings, investment, innovation, education, high achievement, and self-control in having children

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29
Q

What is the conflict approach in dependency theory?

A

economic underdevelopment is the result of exploitative relations between rich and poor countries

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30
Q

What is a functionalist approach in modernization theory?

A

holds that economic underdevelopment results from poor countries lacking Western attributes (western values, business practices, levels of investment capital, and stable governments)

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31
Q

What about global poverty changed in September 2018?

A

for the first time, the majority of humankind is no longer poor or vulnerable to falling into poverty, which marks the start of the middle-class majority

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32
Q

What is regionalization?

A

the division of the world into different and often competing economic, political, and cultural areas

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33
Q

What is glocalization?

A

the simultaneous homogenization of some aspects of life and strengthening of some local differences under the impact of globalization e.g. McDonald’s serves different foods in different countries

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34
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A

a form of rationalization. It refers to the spread of the principles of fast-food restaurants- efficiency, predictability, and calculability- to all spheres of life

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35
Q

What are 5 ways transnational corporations differ from traditional corporations?

A

1) Depend increasingly on foreign labor and foreign production
2) Increasingly emphasize skills and advances in design, technology, and management
3) depend increasingly on massive advertising campaigns
4) depend increasingly on world markets
5) are increasingly autonomous from national governments

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36
Q

What are transnational corporations?

A

multinational or international corporations, large businesses with head offices in wealthy countries

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37
Q

increased transportation means (increased/decreased) globalization?

A

increased (more cultural exchange possible)

38
Q

What do anti-globalization activists view globalization as a form of?

A

imperialism (economic domination of one country by another)

39
Q

What is globalization?

A

occurs as people become increasingly aware of and dependent on, one another

40
Q

Is capital punishment a deterrent?

A

while death penalty ranks high as a form of revenge not much evidence suggests that it is a deterrent

41
Q

Who benefits from a moral panic?

A

mass media (allowing them to rake in hefty profits), crime prevention and punishment industry (including prison construction, maintenance firms etc.), criminal justice system (increased job security due to raised spending on crime prevention), politicians (base for their careers and policies)

42
Q

What is the media’s role in moral panic?

A

they distort the crime to fuel panic

43
Q

What is moral panic?

A

an extreme over-response that occurs when many people fervently believe that some form of deviance or crime poses a profound threat to society’s well-being

44
Q

How can crime be distorted by the media?

A

by level of coverage, type of coverage and nature of coverage

45
Q

What are some rationales of incarceration?

A

1) opportunity for rehabilitation
2) deterrence
3) revenge for illegal acts
4) incapacitation (incapable of committing crimes)

46
Q

What is the medicalization of deviance?

A

now “badness” is defined as “sickness”, willful deviance is now regarded as involuntary deviance

47
Q

What is the panopticon?

A

a prison design that allows inmates to be constantly observed without their knowledge (“all seeing”)
- had the watch guard in the middle of a circle of cells

48
Q

What is the regimentation (strict limits to individuality and deviance) of modern life tied to?

A

capitalism and the state

49
Q

What are industrial societies characterized by in terms of social control and conformity?

A

less stringent social control and low conformity

50
Q

What are preindustrial societies characterized by in terms of social control and conformity?

A

strict social control and high conformity

51
Q

What are external social controls?

A

regulates people by imposing punishments and offering rewards

52
Q

What are internal social controls?

A

regulates people through socialization and shapes people’s minds so they come to regard deviant actions as undesirable

53
Q

What is social control?

A

the ways in which a social system attempts to regulate people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance, and behavior

54
Q

What are the 4 types of social control that Travis Hirschi states?

A

1) Social attachments to respectable role models
2) Legitimate opportunities for education and a good job
3) Involvements in conventional institutions
4) Beliefs in traditional values and morality

55
Q

What is control theory?

A

the rewards of deviance and crime are ample. Therefore, nearly everyone would engage in deviance and crime if they could get away with it

56
Q

What are some advantages of being rich and powerful in deviance and crime?

A

that they are able to use their money, power and influence to escape punishment for their own misdeeds and serious consequences

57
Q

What is the relationship between crime and class?

A

there is a weak connection between people coming from disproportionately lower classes and engaging in crime (becoming criminals)

58
Q

What are some justifications for people in criminal subcultures?

A

denying personal responsibility for actions, denying the wrongfulness of the act, denouncing those who pass judgment on them, victims got what they deserve, appealing to higher loyalties

59
Q

How may a deviant change their behavior when in their subculture vs in mainstream culture?

A

deviants may depart from mainstream culture in many ways, but they are strict conformists when it comes to the norms of their own subculture

60
Q

What is a subculture?

A

A set of distinctive values, norms and practices within a larger culture

61
Q

What is strain in strain theory?

A

it results when a culture teaches people the value of material success and society fails to provide enough legitimate opportunities for everyone to succeed

62
Q

What does strain theory suggest?

A

that people may turn to deviance when they experience strain

63
Q

What was the controversial claim that Durkheim made?

A

that deviance and crime are beneficial for society, because when someone breaks a rule it gives others the chance to condemn and punish that person reminding people of the moral boundaries and common values

64
Q

What does symbolic interactionalists focus on when explaining criminals?

A

they focus on the learning and labelling of deviant and criminal roles by directing their attention to the social dysfunctions that lead to deviant and criminal behavior

65
Q

What is labeling theory?

A

deviance results not so much from the actions of the deviant as from the response of others, who label the rule breaker a deviant

66
Q

What was the 3 stage learning process that Howard S. Becker found while studying marijuana users?

A

1)
learning to smoke the drug in a way that produces real effects
2)
learning to recognize the effects and then connect effects with drug use
3)
learning to enjoy perceived sensations

67
Q

What are some factors in overrepresentation?

A

1)
poverty
2)
tend to commit more visible street crimes
3)
Discrimination by criminal justice system
4)
Weakened social control over community members due to Western culture’s disruption of social life in Indigenous communities

68
Q

What age cohort is the most prone to criminal behavior?

A

15-24-year-olds

69
Q

What were the youth court cases like in 2013-14?

A

males accused 74%

females accused 26%

70
Q

What were the criminal court cases like in 2013-14 for adults?

A

Males accused 80%

Females accused 26%

71
Q

What are some explanations for the declining crime rates?

A

1)
Substantially bigger groups of better trained and equipped law enforcement and correctional officers
2)
Young men are most prone to crime, but Canada is aging, and the number of young people in the population has declined
3)
Economic conditions favored a decrease in crime
4)
legalization of abortion (criminals are not born)

72
Q

What are victimization surveys?

A

surveys in which people are asked whether they have been victims of crime

73
Q

What are self-report surveys?

A

respondents are asked to report their involvement in criminal activities, either as perpetrators or as victims

74
Q

What are ways to measure crime that measures “unofficial” crime statistics?

A

self-report surveys and victimization surveys

75
Q

What are the 3 methods of measuring crime?

A

uniform crime reports, self-report surveys, victim surveys

76
Q

What are the 2 main shortcomings of police-reported crime statistics?

A

1) much crime is not reported to the police (particularly true for victimless crimes)
2) authorities and the wider public decide which criminal acts to report and which to ignore

77
Q

What is the main source of crime statistics?

A

information collected by the police

78
Q

What is consensus crime?

A

severe social response, a high agreement that it is a very serious offense e.g. wearing samurai hairstyle in medieval Japan

79
Q

What is conflict crime?

A

something that is seen as violating an important social role, can result in prison time e.g. growing a long bear in early 17th Russia

80
Q

What is social deviation?

A

seen as weird, people will treat you oddly (get lots of comments and stares) e.g. wearing long hair in some high schools in the 1960s

81
Q

What is social diversion?

A

confusion and apathy, mild social sanction, relatively harmless e.g. dyeing hair purple now

82
Q

Deviance and crime vary in these 3 criteria…

A

1) Severity of the social response
2) Perceived harmfulness (both actual and perceived)
3) Degree of public agreement

83
Q

What is an example of how norms have changed over time?

A

how cocaine was once a medication for children, a normal thing that did not even violate a folkway

84
Q

What is formal punishment?

A

takes place when the judicial system penalizes someone for breaking a law (does not always have to be with the police or judicial system but usually involves filling out forms)

85
Q

What is informal punishment?

A

involves a mild sanction that is imposed during face-to-face interaction, not by the judicial system

86
Q

What are the 2 types of punishments that deviant people experience?

A

informal and formal

87
Q

What is a law?

A

a norm stipulated and enforced by government bodies

88
Q

What is a crime?

A

is deviance that breaks a law

89
Q

What is deviance?

A

occurs when someone departs from a norm and evokes a negative reaction from others

90
Q

Is any act deviant in and of itself?

A

no, what some people consider normal others might consider deviant and vice versa

Soc 100 (1 decks)

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