Soc 142 Flashcards
What are the basic tenets of psychoanalysis?
Human behavior is largely determined by irrational drives, which are largely unconscious. Psychological resistance occurs when attempting to bring these drives into awareness. Development is influenced by early childhood events, and conflicts between conscious reality and unconscious material can lead to mental disturbances.
What is the looking-glass self?
A social psychological concept created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902 that states a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.
What are the three main components of the looking-glass self?
- We imagine how we must appear to others
- We imagine the judgment of that appearance
- We develop our self through the judgments of others
What is primary socialization?
The process through which children learn values, beliefs, and traditions from their family, laying the foundation for all future socialization.
What is secondary socialization?
The process through which individuals learn appropriate behavior for small groups.
What is group socialization?
The theory that an individual’s peer groups, rather than parental figures, influence personality and behavior in adulthood.
What is gender socialization?
The learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex.
What is cultural socialization?
Parenting practices that teach children about their racial history or heritage, sometimes referred to as pride development.
Who is George Herbert Mead?
A founder of the field of symbolic interactionism, known for his emphasis on children’s play as central to understanding social interactions.
What are the stages of self-development according to Mead?
- Imitation stage
- Play stage
- Games stage
What is the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory?
The first stage where infants use their senses to discover the world around them.
What is the preoperational stage in Piaget’s theory?
The second stage lasting from about age 2 to age 7, where children begin to use symbols to understand objects and simple ideas.
What is the concrete operational stage in Piaget’s theory?
The third stage lasting from about age 7 to age 11 or 12, where children begin to think in terms of cause and effect but lack understanding of fairness and justice.
What is the formal operational stage in Piaget’s theory?
The final stage beginning around age 12, where individuals can think abstractly and use general principles to solve problems.
Define assimilation in Piaget’s theory.
The process of fitting new information into pre-existing cognitive schemas.
Define accommodation in Piaget’s theory.
The process of altering pre-existing schemas to fit new information.
What is object permanence?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
What are the three parts of personality according to Freud?
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
What does the id represent in Freud’s theory?
The selfish part of the personality consisting of biological instincts and the demand for immediate gratification.
What does the ego represent in Freud’s theory?
The rational part of the personality that develops as children learn their needs cannot always be immediately satisfied.
What does the superego represent in Freud’s theory?
The internalized norms and values of society, representing its conscience.
Define socialization.
The process of learning one’s culture and how to live within it.
What is the significance of socialization?
It is the means by which human infants acquire the skills necessary to function in society.
