SOC 111 Flashcards

Question

What is the reflexive self? (and whose idea is it?)

Answer 1

Idea from GHM, that there is reflexivity in development when one takes the attitudes of other individuals towards oneself within a particular environment, one can become an object to oneself

Answer 2

interaction and interpretation role playing and the generalized other taking the role of other participants in a given social act responding to role taking by forming prospective line of action

Answer 3

William Corsaro Newer symbolic interactionist perspective children develop standards of an adult world and a world of kids their own age kids take adult behaviours and modify them believed kids got cultural knowledge primarily from peers

Answer 4

theory of psychoanalysis, theory of unconscious desires, theory of psychosexuality, primal urges etc. Theory of Drives id, ego, superego Id and ego work as opposites Id operates on the pleasure principle Ego is conscious and operates on the reality principle, develops from the id Superego is conscience and sense of guilt, generated by family values and ones upbringing, formed by societal and cultural influences Wanting a chocolate bar: Id --> steal the food cuz i want it lol Ego --> no don't do that, wait until we have enough money to buy it Superego --> stealing is bad :(

Answer 5

Those that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society Family School Peers Mass media

Answer 6

Aspect of socialization with messages and practices concerning roles and behaviours of men and women

Answer 7

Process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles --> prepping for law or med school

Answer 8

most important type of adult socialization four phases Career choice Anticipatory socialization Conditioning and commitment (adjusting to new role) Continuous commitment (maintaining ones commitment to the role)

Answer 9

Process of learning a different set of attitudes and values from those in ones previous background Voluntary --> new status of our own free will (new job) Involuntary --> new status of not our own free will (prison sentence)

Answer 10

Behaviours, beliefs or conditions that violate cultural norms in a society Formal deviance --> defined by the government Informal deviance --> violations that are controlled by a society but not the government (mom hates my tat)

Answer 11

formally defined act that describes the act and associated punishment used to be punished by ostracism social phenomenon

Answer 12

systemic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity and discourage deviance Informal --> ones own opinion, what Karens try to do Formal --> laws, police, courts etc

Answer 13

intentional act in violation of criminal law committed without defense or excuse and is penalized by an authority (the state)

Answer 14

Symbolic interactionist perspective --> Edwin Sutherland The proposition that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with others who prefer deviance to conformity

Answer 15

Symbolic interactionist perspective --> Howard Becker There are two elements in defining deviance --> --> some act in a manner contrary to the expectations of others -->others disapprove and try to control this behaviour --> involves labelling people as deviants Labelling depends on the power and status of those being labelled. Primary deviance --> labelling it such causes stigmatization --> can cause a deviant self-image if one feels they have been rejected from " normal society" --> secondary deviance

Answer 16

Functionalist perspective --> Robert Merton People feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals ex) not having a car in regina makes it way harder

Answer 17

Functionalist perspective --> Cloward and Ohlin Illegitamite opportunity access structures --> for deviance to occur people must have accesses to circumstances to acquire what they cannot get through legitimate channels (stealing to feed ones family, no opportunity to make enough money to pay for it) diff subcultures Criminal --> economic gain --> theft, drug dealing Conflict --> territory, focus on toughness and status Retreatist --> those who avoid mainstream society and adopt alternative lifestyles

Answer 18

Functionalist --> social structure affects rates of deviance ex) impoverished communities cannot exert effective social control over criminal activities and suicide

Answer 19

Functionalist --> Travis Hirschi deviant behavior increases when a persons ties to society are weakened or broken Bonding consists of: Attachment to others commitment to norms involvement in normal activities belief in the established norms

Answer 20

Postmodern perspective Idea of panoptical surveillance in prisons --> prisoners would have to watch their own behaviour 3 ways that docile bodies were produced Hierarchical observation --> actions are placed on a scale Normalizing judgement --> national standards for practices and programs Examination --> combines first two, one is visible and must be judged

Answer 21

The hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources

Answer 22

The extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education and health Weber

Answer 23

Closed --> boundaries between levels in the hierarchy are rigid and position is set by ascribed status --> things out of control (gender, race) Open --> boundaries are flexible and can be influenced by achieved status --> things under control (education (kinda)) Slavery --> closed system, no control Caste system --> closed system --> status is determined at birth based on parents status --> in India --> marriage is within ones caste --> system weakens with industrialization Class system --> open system --> based on control of resources and type of work done --> boundaries less distinct --> status comes partly from achievment

Answer 24

Horizontal --> movement within a class system Vertical --> movement between the class structure

Answer 25

Marx --> related to the means of production emphasized economic basis of class system noted relationship between peoples place in class structure and their values demonstrated classes have opposing interests Weber --> related to ones wealth prestige and power no one factor determines ones place access to resources is crucial to determining life chances places those with same level of wealth in same class (entrepreneurs and rentiers)

Answer 26

feeling of powerlessness and estrangement results from exploitation of workers resulting in their activities not being their own

Answer 27

Wealth → the total monetary resources one has Prestige → the respect with which others regard a person or status position Power → the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others

Answer 28

Refers to a combined measure used to classify individuals, families and households in terms of factors such as income, occupation and education, and education to determine their position in the system of social stratification -->Emphasized that people behave according to both their economic interests and values -->Added to Marxs insights developing a multidimensional explanation of the class structure and identifying additional classes

Answer 29

Ones class is based on education, the occupation of the family head, and family income Upper class --> 3% of Canadians, a small number are the upper-upper class, ensure children stay in class Upper Middle class --> highly educated professionals, high authority and job independence, class that is most influenced by education (doctors, lawyers) Middle class--> lower level management, semi-professional, traditionally secure although escalating housing costs are impacting this, impacted by outsourcing, children may be highly educated but have less opportunity than parents Working class --> 30% of Canadians, semiskilled machine operators and service sector, pay scale is varies, unionized jobs may pay more than middle class, "women jobs" Working poor--> 20% of Canadians, just above poverty level, unskilled or seasonal jobs, living paycheck to paycheck, overrepresentation of single mothers, minorities, FN, recent immigrants Underclass--> very poor, rarely employed, caught in never ending cycle, emphasizes connection between class and health, same ppl are overrepresented

Answer 30

By Erik Olin Wright Four criteria for placement: Capitalist Class → ownership of the means of production Managerial Class → control of the labour of others Small-business Class → purchase of the labour of others Working Class → sale of one's own labour

Answer 31

Functionalist --> education is the gateway to social mobility Conflict --> education perpetuates poverty, schools are agencies for reproducing the capitalist class system

Answer 32

IF YOU ARE NOT A STRAIGHT WHITE MIDDLE AGED ABLE MAN YOU ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE POOR Poverty rate for children under 18 is 9.5% Canada has a slightly higher child poverty than global average About 2/3rds of those in poverty are women Women are at greater risk in all categories Dramatically high for single mothers 1/5 FN in poverty Half of people with disabilities

Answer 33

Economic --> min wage does not allow a worker to keep a family above the poverty line Structural --> shift from industry based to information based, automation, closure of many factories

Answer 34

A reduction in the proficiency needed to perform a specific job that leads to a corresponding reduction in the wages for that job Shift from manufacturing to service resulted in the loss of higher paying positions and their replacement with lower paying positions

Answer 35

the unequal distribution of wealth power and prestige on a global basis

Answer 36

Distributive justice Wealth does not often reach those who need it

Answer 37

GNI → gross national income Comparative way to measure an economies wealth compared to others Per capita means strong economies like India and China are misrepresented because they have such a high population GDP → gross democratic product Total amount of product a country produces

Answer 38

Low Income Economies -->Most affected → women and children -->Global feminization of poverty whereby women are more impoverished than men -->Indigenous people → 5% of the worlds population → 15 % of the worlds poor → 30% of the worlds extremely poor Lower middle-income economies -->Significant proportion of the people live in the poverty, as defined as $USD 1.25/day in purchasing power -->Transformation to a market economy -->High rates of inflation -->Growing gap between rich and poor -->Homeless children --> low life expectancy Upper middle-income economies -->Somewhat higher standard of lying -->Export diverse good and service ranging from manufactured goods to raw materials and fuels High income economies

Answer 39

Yes to both but its still bad, 2/3rds of the worlds countries have = numbers of boys and girls in schools, girls may be higher in some

Answer 40

A perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth

Answer 41

Andre Gunder Frank That global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries -->Rich countries have a vested interest in maintaining a dependent status of poor countries → using them to gather raw materials to be manufactured in the rich countries -->Therefore poorer countries cannot expand through a certain level due to their dependence

Answer 42

Immanuel Wallerstein --> believed that the division of labour is both occupational and geographical where surpluses go to the core That how a country is incorporated into the global capitalist economy, is the key feature in determining how economic development takes place in that nation, the capitalist world economy is a global system divided into a hierarchy of three major types Core → dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization -->High capital intensity, high manufacturing, high wages Peripheral → those nations that are dependent on core nations for capital have little or no industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization -->Consigned to producing raw materials at low wages Semiperipheral → more developed than peripheral nations but less developed than core nations

Answer 43

Commodity production is being split into fragments that can be assigned to whichever part of the world can provide the most profitable combination of capital and labour Low-income nations provide low wages to companies who make more profits

Answer 44

This process involves one country → Japan → leading other less developed countries into more prosperous times Factors such as labour costs cause production to shift from advanced to less advanced economies This boosts the standard of living of the less advanced economies, raises wages, and, in turn, leads to a shift in production to countries that are even less developed Step 3: ??? Step 4: Profit Contradicts some of the earlier theories Careful cuz ppl might make Wish.com ripoffs

Answer 45

Any technologically based means of communicating between large numbers of people distributed widely over space and time Traditionally, the mass media have involved one way communication in which a single sources sends out a message to a large number of people who passively receive that message Affects: Socialization Culture Gender Ethnicity

Answer 46

Surveillance --> news, weather Interpretation --> political sites Socialization --> transmitting culturally relevant info Entertainment Status conferral function --> attaining high status via social media

Answer 47

Helps the dominant class control society reinforces the capitalist ideal encourages mass consumer sulture

Answer 48

Early critics include Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno During the 1940s the culture industry turned artistic expression into just another marketable commodity used to keep people passively entertained and politically apathetic --> The culture industry has been responsible from the mass deception and control of the public Mass media is less about learning about the world but rather about consumption The mass culture industry provided workers with a way or escaping the boredom and routine of their lives People can come home after work and absorb media products without engaging with others or thinking critically about their lives under capitalism

Answer 49

Chomsky concentrated capitalist control means that stories critical of capitalism will not appear in the media mass media profits from capitalism advertisers would not want it to be critical of corporations Canadian senate has realized that its bad --> Rogers Leads to media bias --> discredits stories that don't promote message

Answer 50

Postmodern perspective --> Jean Baudrillard A situation in which the distinction between reality and simulation has become blurred. We are saturated in media that have become a central part of our lives and that we help to define our experiences and our understanding of the world. Manufactured images and representations are part of our reality and in turn reflect the way we interpret subsequent images

Answer 51

Chomsky --> conflict perspective Propaganda is the means to manufacture the public content essential for government to carry out its policy intentions. In order to win approval, oversimplifications are generated and broadcast to make government policy appealing to the public The public is unable to determine the best course of action so they must be guided by those who own and control the nation

Answer 52

Stuart Hall --> Marxian perspective This power to be the world’s interpreter impacts meaning, language, knowledge and culture as we have come to understand these terms Stereotypes may be manipulated to support one’s interests -->Whoever does not support the interpreters adopted view is depicted in a negative, categorical way -->Representation is crucial in generating that hostility Significance of the terms: Identity Advertisers attempt to generate messages in which audience members will identify As an audience member if you identify with the characters depicted on screen you will take notice of them and the message they convey. They come alive Media manipulation → you have been grabbed and this was the intention → to draw you into their world of interest Relates to Durkheim's idea of solidarity → an idea doesn't have much power unless a significant number of people are agreeing with it

Answer 53

A process by which powerful countries use the media to spread values and ideas that dominate and even destroy other cultures (ex the American diet) Local cultural values are replaced by those of a dominant country

Answer 54

Changed the system of production and distribution of goods Workers sold their labour instead of working for themselves The capital went to those who owned the companies not those doing the labour

Answer 55

Processing raw materials into finished goods Resulted in the simplifying of tasks

Answer 56

management system designed to increase productivity by breaking work into specialized tasks and minute operations Resulted in job deskilling --> shifted control from workers to management

Answer 57

Mass production through automation Incorporated scientific management (Taylorism) into manufacturing Developed the assembly line --> results in alienation

Answer 58

Information displaces property as central focus of economy workplace culture shifts away from factories and towards a diversity of settings traditional boundaries of work and home are set aside

Answer 59

Part time work --> more vulnerable

Answer 60

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention Private ownership of the means of production Pursuit of profit Competition Lack of government intervention Private property Based on the right of individuals to own income producing property

Answer 61

An economic system characterized by the public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals and centralized decision making Public ownership of the means of production Pursuit of collective goals Centralized decision making No private property

Answer 62

when a select few companies control an entire industry Music industry --> four companies

Answer 63

Socialism Economic needs are based on the needs of society Central planners set wages and prices Production units have little voice in decision making process

Answer 64

Faith → unquestioning belief that does not require proof or scientific evidence Sacred → term used to describe those aspects of life that re extraordinary or supernatural Profane → term used for the everyday secular or worldly aspects of life Rituals → people often perform religious ritual → regularly repeated and carefully prescribed forms of behavior that symbolize a cherished value of belief, person or experience

Answer 65

Marx saw religion is an example of an ideology --> a view of the way the world ought to be --> supports status quo --> offers legitimacy to ruling class --> promotes strife between groups

Answer 66

when workers believe they have something in common with a ruling class

Answer 67

The protestant ethic and the sprit of capitalism Believed religion influenced the start of capitalism but still reinforced social stratification

Answer 68

Simple Supernaturalism → the belief that supernatural forces affect people’s lives either positively or negatively Animism → the belief that plant animals and other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have impacts on events in society -->Associated with early hunting and gathering societies Theism → the belief in a god or gods -->Monotheism → one god -->Early horticulture societies started this → Judaism, Christianity and Islam -->Polytheism → multiple gods -->African indigenous groups, Hinduism Transcendental Idealism → a nontheistic religion, based on belief in divine spiritual forces, such as sacred principles of thought and conduct, rather than a god or gods -->Buddhism does not have a god

Answer 69

Religion found in all societies because it met basic human needs and served important societal functions The central feature of all religions is the presence of sacred beliefs and rituals that bind people together in a collective Provides social control and support for government

Answer 70

Focus on the relationship between religion and women inequality In almost all religions men are in the position of power However early religions had mainly female gods many women object to organized religions patriarchal nature

Answer 71

The question on if the world is becoming more secular and less religious or whether we are seeing a renewal of religious belief.

Answer 72

Belief by some that as the world becomes more rational and bureaucratized, and as knowledge becomes more science based the influence of religion will decline Religion has become much less important in Canada and almost all western industrial countries except the USA At the same time, religion is becoming even more important in other parts of the world → even in countries that are modernizing Some point to this as evidence to disprove the secularization theory Secularization continues in much of the industrialized west → people in many low-income countries turn to religion Has been a resurgence of religiousness in those countries Globalization can lead to a strengthening of religious faiths as people try and avoid globalization

Answer 73

The level of a countries development affects is religiosity of its people Agrarian societies tend to have the highest Followed by industrial and post industrial