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Sociology > Soc 1101 Test 1 Terms > Flashcards

Soc 1101 Test 1 Terms Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sociology

A

the science of society

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2
Q

social facts

A

products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that exist externally to any individual

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3
Q

data

A

systematically collected sets of empirical questions

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4
Q

sociological research questions

A

queries about the world that can be answered empirically

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5
Q

qualitative research methods

A

scientific strategies for collecting empirical data about social facts (non-numerical)

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6
Q

quantitative research methods

A

tools of sociological inquiry that involve examining numerical data with mathematics

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7
Q

sociological sympathy

A

the skill of understanding others as they understand themselves

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8
Q

research ethics

A

the set of moral principles that guide empirical inquiry

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9
Q

sociological theory

A

empirically based explanations and predictions about relationships between social facts

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10
Q

social patterns

A

explainable and foreseeable similarities and differences among people influenced by the social conditions in which they live

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11
Q

standpoints

A

points of view grounded in lived reality

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12
Q

public sociology

A

the work of using sociological theory to make societies better

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13
Q

sociological imagination

A

the capacity to consider how peoples lives-including our own-are shaped by the social facts around us

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14
Q

structural functionalism

A

societies are systems of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability

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15
Q

conflict theory

A

societies are characterized by competing interests and defined by fights over control of valuable resources like wealth, power, and prestige

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16
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

social interaction depends on the social construction of reality. we respond to symbolic meanings produced in the process of human interaction

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17
Q

standpoint theory

A

our understanding of the world is shaped by our social position in society

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18
Q

empirical inquiry

A

a form of investigation that involves looking to the world for evidence

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19
Q

operationalization

A

a process in which researchers define their variables and decide how to measure them

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20
Q

academic literature

A

the existing body of empirical and theoretical publications written by scholars

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21
Q

research questions

A

queries about the world that can be answered empirically

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22
Q

human subjects research

A

research involving data collected from people

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23
Q

correlation

A

all observed relationships between variables

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24
Q

peer review

A

a step in the publication process in which editors solicit feedback on a scholars work from other researchers with related expertise

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25
Q

causation

A

a statistical relationship in which a change in one variable produces a change in the other

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26
Q

informed consent

A

a clear understanding on behalf of a research subject of what their participation in the research study entails

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27
Q

spurious

A

a statistical relationship between two variables that appears because both correlate with a third variable

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28
Q

confidentiality

A

a guarantee that a research subject’s participation in and contributions to a research study will be known only to the researchers

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29
Q

vulnerable populations

A

groups that are at high risk of being harmed if they are included as research subjects

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29
Q

generalizable

A

a term used to describe data that are applicable to the whole population from which the sample is drawn, not just to the sample itself

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30
Q

negative correlation

A

as one variable changes, the other changes in the other direction

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31
Q

institutional review board

A

panels of professionals at colleges that evaluate research proposals to ensure they comply with the moral principles outlined in codes of ethics

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32
Q

positive correlation

A

as one variable changes, the other changes in the other direction

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33
Q

the “I” and the “me”

A

the “I”, is the subject of thought, the “me” is the object of thought

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34
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

a phenomenon in which what people believe is true becomes true, even if it wasn’t originally true

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35
Q

correlational claims

A

assertions that changes in an independent variable correspond to changes in a dependent variable but not in a way that can be proven casual

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36
Q

theory of mind

A

the recognition that other minds exist, followed by the realization that we can try to imagine others’ mental state

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37
Q

laboratory experiment

A

a research method that involves tests of a hypothesis under carefully controlled conditions

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38
Q

mirror neurons

A

cells in our brain that fire in identical ways whether we’re observing or performing an action

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39
Q

self narrative

A

a story we tell about the origin and likely future of ourselves

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40
Q

variable

A

any measurable phenomenon that varies

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41
Q

independent variable

A

a variable that is hypothesized to influence the dependent variable

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42
Q

looking glass self

A

the self that emerges as a consequence of seeing ourselves as we think other people see us

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43
Q

experimental group

A

the group in a laboratory experiment that undergoes the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable

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44
Q

dependent variable

A

a variable that is hypothesized to influence the independent variable

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45
Q

in-depth interview

A

a research method that involves an intimate conversation between the researcher and a research subject

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46
Q

control group

A

the group in a laboratory experiment that does not undergo the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable

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47
Q

coding

A

a process in which segments of text are identified as belonging to relevant cateogories

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48
Q

causal claims

A

assertions that an independent variable is directly and specifically responsible for producing a change in the dependent variable

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49
Q

beliefs

A

ideas about what is true and false

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50
Q

biosocial research methods

A

investigate relationships between sociological variables and biological ones

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51
Q

cultural relativism

A

the practice of noting the differences between cultures without passing judgement

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52
Q

culturally competent

A

able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease

53
Q

culture

A

differences in groups’ shared ideas, as wells as the objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas

54
Q

cultural objects

A

Ex. a stop sign

55
Q

cultural cognitions

A

Ex. idea that red means stop

56
Q

cultural practices

A

Ex. the fact that most of us stop

57
Q

cultural bodies

A

Ex. culturally influenced shapes and sizes

58
Q

culture shock

A

the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture

59
Q

culture-as-rationale thesis

A

the idea that we are socialized to know a set of culturally specific arguments with which we can justify why we feel something is right or wrong

60
Q

culture-as-value thesis

A

the idea that we are socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong

61
Q

cultured capacities

A

culturally influenced specific skills

62
Q

cultured physiques

A

bodies formed by what we do to and with them

63
Q

embodied

A

physically present detectable in the body itself

64
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the practice of assuming that one’s own culture is superior to the culture of others

65
Q

homophily

A

our tendency to connect with others who are similar to us

66
Q

interpersonal socialization

A

active efforts by others to help us become culturally competent members of our cultures

67
Q

mass media

A

mediated communication intended to reach not just one or a handful of people but many

68
Q

media socialization

A

the process of learning how to be culturally competent through our exposure to media

69
Q

norms

A

shared expectations for behavior

70
Q

self-socialization

A

active efforts we make to ensure we’re culturally competent members of our culture

71
Q

social construct

A

an influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space

72
Q

social construction

A

the process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them

73
Q

social media

A

social networks mediated by the internet

74
Q

social network analysis

A

webs of ties that links us to each other and, through other people’s ties, to people to whom we’re not directly linked

75
Q

social ties

A

the connections between us and other people

76
Q

socialization

A

the lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures

77
Q

subcultures

A

subgroups within societies that have distinct cultural ideas, objects, practices, and bodies

78
Q

symbolic structure

A

a constellation of social constructs connected and opposed to one another in overlapping networks of meaning

79
Q

values

A

notions as to what’s right and what’s wrong

80
Q

blood quantum rule

A

a law limiting legal recognition of American Indians to those who have at least a certain level of documented indigenous ancestry

81
Q

cisgender

A

people who are assigned male at birth who identify as men as well as people assigned female at birth who identify as women

82
Q

computational sociology

A

uses computers to collect, extract, and analyse data

83
Q

conspicuous consumption

A

spending elaborate on items and services with the sole purpose of displaying ones wealth

84
Q

consumption

A

the use of wages to purchase goods and services

85
Q

content analysis

A

involves counting and describing patterns and themes in media

86
Q

controlling images

A

persuasive negative stereotypes that serve to justify or uphold inequality

87
Q

distinction

A

active efforts to affirm identity categories and place ourselves and others into their subcategories

88
Q

doing identity

A

the active performance of social identities

89
Q

ethnicity

A

an identity based on collective memories of a shared history and distinctive culture

90
Q

gender binary

A

the idea that people come in two and only two types, males who are masculine and females who are feminine

91
Q

gender

A

the ideas, traits, interests, and skills that we associate with being biologically male or female

92
Q

in-group bias

A

preferential treatment of members of our own group and mistreatment of others

93
Q

intersex

A

people with physical characteristics typical of both people assigned male and people assigned female at birth

94
Q

minimal group paradigm

A

the tendency of people to form groups and actively distinguish themselves from others for the most trivial of reasons

95
Q

nonbinary

A

people who identify as both man and woman or neither man nor woman

96
Q

one-drop rule

A

the idea that anyone with an trace of Black ancestry should be considered Black

97
Q

positive distinction

A

the claim that members of our own group are superior to members of other groups

98
Q

prejudice

A

attitudinal bias against individuals based on their membership in a social group

99
Q

psychological wage

A

a non economic good given to one group as a measure of superiority over other groups

100
Q

race

A

a socially meaningful set of artificial distinctions falsely based on superficial and imagines biological differences

101
Q

sex

A

a reference to physical traits related to sexual reproduction

102
Q

sexual minorities

A

people who are gay, lesbian, bisexual or otherwise non-heterosexual

103
Q

social identities

A

the socially constructed categories and subcategories of people in which we place ourselves or are placed by others

104
Q

social identity theory

A

people are inclined to form social groups, incorporate group membership into their identity, take steps to enforce group boundaries, and maximize personal esteem and in-group sucess

105
Q

status

A

high or low esteem

106
Q

status beliefs

A

collectively shared ideas about which social groups are more or less deserving of esteem

107
Q

status elite

A

people who carry many positively regarded social identities

108
Q

stigma

A

a personal attribute that is widely devalued by members of one’s society

109
Q

stereotype

A

clusters of ideas attached by social convention to people with specific social identities

110
Q

transgender

A

people assigned male at birth who don’t identify as men as well as people assigned female at birth who don’t identify as women

111
Q

account

A

an excuse that explains our rule breaking but also affirms that the rule is good and right

112
Q

back stage

A

private or semi private spaces in which we can relax or rehearse

113
Q

breaching

A

purposefully breaking a social rule in order to test how others respond

114
Q

dramaturgy

A

the proactive of looking at social life as a series of performances in which we’re actors on metaphorical stages

115
Q

ethnomethodology

A

research aimed at revealing the underlying shared logic that is the foundation of social interactions

116
Q

face

A

a version of ourselves that we want to project in a specific setting

117
Q

field experiment

A

a type of experiment that involves a test of a hypothesis outside the laboratory

118
Q

folkways

A

loosely enforced norms

119
Q

front stage

A

a public space in which we are aware of having an audience

120
Q

impression management

A

efforts to control how we’re perceived by others

121
Q

interpersonal discrimination

A

prejudicial behavior displayed by individuals

122
Q

laws

A

rules that are made and enforced by cities, states, or federal governments

123
Q

mores

A

tightly enforced norms that carry moral significance

124
Q

policies

A

rules that are made and enforced by organizations

125
Q

social interaction

A

moments we share with other people

126
Q

social rules

A

culturally specific norms, policies, and laws that guide our behavior

127
Q

social sanctions

A

reactions by others aimed at promoting conformity

128
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

the theory that social interaction depends on the social construction of reality

129
Q

taboos

A

social prohibitions so strong that the thought of violating them can be sickening

Sociology (2 decks)

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