soap and detergents

Question 1

what is soap

Answer 1

sodium and potassium salt of long chain of fatty acids is called soap

Question 2

soap is acidic or basic in nature

Answer 2

it is salt of strong base and weak acid (carboxylic acid ) therefore it is basic in nature

Question 3

soap has large number of ………… hydrocarbon and small number of ………….. group ?

Answer 3

soap has large number of non ionic hydrocarbon and small number of ionic group(COO- Na+) that is soap.

Question 4

/\/\/\/\/\/\/=OONa
first terminal is ionic or non ionic

Answer 4

first—-non ionic ….. hydrocarbon
second—–ionic…. soap molecule

Question 5

what is micelles

Answer 5

soap molecule has 2 ends or terminals with different properties

Question 6

long chain of hydrocarbon is ……

Answer 6

hydrophobic (insoluble in water)

Question 7

short ionic part is ……

Answer 7

hydrophilic ( soluble in water)

Question 8

short ionic part contain in soap is

Answer 8

COO-Na+ and COO-K+

Question 9

O~~~~~
HYDROPHILIC OR HYDROPHOBIC

Answer 9

O =HYDROPHILIC SOLUBLE IN WATER
~~~~~ =HYDROPHOBIC INSOLUBLE IN WATER

Question 10

properties hydrocarbon chain is

Answer 10

non polar ,hydrophobic ,repel water

Question 11

properties of ionic part

Answer 11

polar,soluble in water,hydrophilic

Question 12

hydrophobic part dissolve

Answer 12

grease dust oil

Question 13

hydrophilic part dissolve

Answer 13

water

Question 14

define saponification

Answer 14

process of making soap by hydrolysis of fats or oil with alkali is called saponification

Question 15

soap is formed

Answer 15

by heating animal fats and vegetable oil with concentrated KOH

Question 16

FATS /OIL——>

Answer 16

soap + glycerol

Question 17

glycerol is a type of

Answer 17

alcohol

Question 18

manufacture of soap

Answer 18

a) hot process
i. batch or kettle process: old technique,small scale industries, time consuming
ii. continuous process:new modern technique, large scale
b) cold process

Question 19

preparation of soap

Answer 19

1-melting of fats
2-blending of melted fat through catalyst (ZnO/ MgO)
3-Hydrolysis :smooth paste is heated through steam as result fatty acid and glycerin and glycerol were separated.
4-distillation of glycerin and fatty acids(to make it pure)
5-neutralization: fatty acid neutralize by 50% of Na OH to obtain soap
6-heating and cooling to improve quality of soap
7-additive <color perfumes, anti germs agents, builders>

Question 20

advantages of soap

Answer 20

Eco friendly biodegradable

Question 21

disadvantages of soap

Answer 21

not suitable in hard water
weaker cleaning properties than detergents

Question 22

*c why detergents are better cleaning agents than soap

Answer 22

because thy can use even with hard water . when soap react with hard water it react with Ca and Mg ions of hard water to form insoluble participate called scum*

Question 23

what are detergents

Answer 23

they are sodium salt of long chain of benzene sulfonic acid.

Question 24

detergents are primary or secondary surfactants

Answer 24

they are primary surfactants which could be easily produced petrochemical surfactants.

Question 25

define surfactants

Answer 25

lowering surface tension of water making it more likely interact with oil and grease they may act as wetting agents or foaming agents
have 2 ends hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 26

The ionic group in detergent is

Answer 26

SO3- Na+

Question 27

preparation of detergent

Answer 27

A synthetic detergent is sodium alkyl sulfate called sodium dodecyl sulfate will be prepared by reacting dodecyl with H2SO4

Question 28

INGREDIENTS of detergents

Answer 28

1)surfactants and suds regulations
2)builders
3)additives

Question 29

what are suds regulators

Answer 29

water containing agents having bubble or fourth on surface used to make foam, hydrophobic in nature

Question 30

what are builders

Answer 30

they are usually complex phosphate like sodium tripoly phosphate or tetra sodium pyrophosphate
soda ash use as builders
they use to make hard water soft water

Question 31

what are additive in detergents

Answer 31

1)corrosion inhibitors —use for washing dishes made up with metal to prevent scratching e.g sodium silicate
2)antiredeposition agents—-repel dust particles from utensils e.g carboxy methyl cellulose
3)tarnish inhibitors——used for shining e.g benzo triazole
4)fabric brightness ——- bright and shine cloths as they have UV rays to convert into visible rays
5) perfumes—–used for pleasant smell

Question 32

advantages and disadvantages of detergents

Answer 32

*advantages
Unlike soaps, detergent can work in hard water.
They also have a stronger cleansing action than soap.
Detergents may be used in saline or acidic water.
Detergent is more soluble in water than soap.
*disadvantages
Non-biodegradable Detergents are often less biodegradable and can contain harmful chemicals.
Cause pollution Detergents can cause soil and water pollution.Harmful to skin Detergents are highly basic and can be harmful to skin.