soap and detergents Flashcards
definition,micelles,saponification,manufacture of soap,preparation of soap,advantages and disadvantages of soap , detergents,preparation of detergents,ingredients in detergents, advantages and dis advantages of detergents of soap
what is soap
sodium and potassium salt of long chain of fatty acids is called soap
soap is acidic or basic in nature
it is salt of strong base and weak acid (carboxylic acid ) therefore it is basic in nature
soap has large number of ………… hydrocarbon and small number of ………….. group ?
soap has large number of non ionic hydrocarbon and small number of ionic group(COO- Na+) that is soap.
/\/\/\/\/\/\/=OONa
first terminal is ionic or non ionic
first—-non ionic ….. hydrocarbon
second—–ionic…. soap molecule
what is micelles
soap molecule has 2 ends or terminals with different properties
long chain of hydrocarbon is ……
hydrophobic (insoluble in water)
short ionic part is ……
hydrophilic ( soluble in water)
short ionic part contain in soap is
COO-Na+ and COO-K+
O~~~~~
HYDROPHILIC OR HYDROPHOBIC
O =HYDROPHILIC SOLUBLE IN WATER
~~~~~ =HYDROPHOBIC INSOLUBLE IN WATER
properties hydrocarbon chain is
non polar ,hydrophobic ,repel water
properties of ionic part
polar,soluble in water,hydrophilic
hydrophobic part dissolve
grease dust oil
hydrophilic part dissolve
water
define saponification
process of making soap by hydrolysis of fats or oil with alkali is called saponification
soap is formed
by heating animal fats and vegetable oil with concentrated KOH
FATS /OIL——>
soap + glycerol
glycerol is a type of
alcohol
manufacture of soap
a) hot process
i. batch or kettle process: old technique,small scale industries, time consuming
ii. continuous process:new modern technique, large scale
b) cold process
preparation of soap
1-melting of fats
2-blending of melted fat through catalyst (ZnO/ MgO)
3-Hydrolysis :smooth paste is heated through steam as result fatty acid and glycerin and glycerol were separated.
4-distillation of glycerin and fatty acids(to make it pure)
5-neutralization: fatty acid neutralize by 50% of Na OH to obtain soap
6-heating and cooling to improve quality of soap
7-additive <color perfumes, anti germs agents, builders>
advantages of soap
Eco friendly biodegradable
disadvantages of soap
not suitable in hard water
weaker cleaning properties than detergents
*c why detergents are better cleaning agents than soap
because thy can use even with hard water . when soap react with hard water it react with Ca and Mg ions of hard water to form insoluble participate called scum*
what are detergents
they are sodium salt of long chain of benzene sulfonic acid.
detergents are primary or secondary surfactants
they are primary surfactants which could be easily produced petrochemical surfactants.
define surfactants
lowering surface tension of water making it more likely interact with oil and grease they may act as wetting agents or foaming agents
have 2 ends hydrophobic and hydrophilic
The ionic group in detergent is
SO3- Na+
preparation of detergent
A synthetic detergent is sodium alkyl sulfate called sodium dodecyl sulfate will be prepared by reacting dodecyl with H2SO4
INGREDIENTS of detergents
1)surfactants and suds regulations
2)builders
3)additives
what are suds regulators
water containing agents having bubble or fourth on surface used to make foam, hydrophobic in nature
what are builders
they are usually complex phosphate like sodium tripoly phosphate or tetra sodium pyrophosphate
soda ash use as builders
they use to make hard water soft water
what are additive in detergents
1)corrosion inhibitors —use for washing dishes made up with metal to prevent scratching e.g sodium silicate
2)antiredeposition agents—-repel dust particles from utensils e.g carboxy methyl cellulose
3)tarnish inhibitors——used for shining e.g benzo triazole
4)fabric brightness ——- bright and shine cloths as they have UV rays to convert into visible rays
5) perfumes—–used for pleasant smell
advantages and disadvantages of detergents
*advantages
Unlike soaps, detergent can work in hard water.
They also have a stronger cleansing action than soap.
Detergents may be used in saline or acidic water.
Detergent is more soluble in water than soap.
*disadvantages
Non-biodegradable Detergents are often less biodegradable and can contain harmful chemicals.
Cause pollution Detergents can cause soil and water pollution.Harmful to skin Detergents are highly basic and can be harmful to skin.
