snow cover, river and lake ice

Question 1

snow water equivalent (SWE)

Answer 1

a measure of the water content of the snow; is important for hydrological modeling and runoff precipitation

Question 2

factors of snow cover monitored by satellites

Answer 2

1. snow depth
2. extent
3. SWE

Question 3

types of lake ice

Answer 3

1. congelation (black ice)

2. snow ice (white)

Question 4

congelation ice

Answer 4

bottom to surface

Question 5

snow ice

Answer 5

ice from surface submerged to the bottom

Question 6

timing of freezeup, breakup, and ice cover duration is governed by

Answer 6

air temp, precipitation, wind speed, & radiation balance

Question 7

why does the thickness of snow cover matter?

Answer 7

thickness affects the depth and the timing of seasonal freeze & thaw of the ground, permafrost thermal state, and ablation of sea ice and glaciers.

Question 8

which hemisphere has the highest variation in seasonal snow cover?

Answer 8

Northern Hemisphere