SN1 - Intro to pharma -

Question 1

Classify the following, what they are used for and the (organ) elimination of :
Digitoxin
Digoxin

Answer 1

Glycosides used in atrial fibrillation:
Digitoxin - eliminated by liver (useful in kidney failure)
Digoxin - eliminated by kidney

Question 2

Morphine and Buprenorphine

Effects and uses

Answer 2

Morphine - opiate alkaloid and produced synthetically. Binds to opiate receptors (delta, mu, kappa) - analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression.

Buprenorphine: to treat opiod addiction and acute/chronic pain.

Question 3

What is a sulphonamide?

Answer 3

Antibacterial

Question 4

Name semi synthetic drugs

Answer 4

Amoxicillin, ampicillin, doxycycline

Question 5

Name a biosynthetic drug

Answer 5

Recombinant human erythropoetin

Question 6

What is bromhexaine

Answer 6

mucolytic

Question 7

What is Omeprazole

Answer 7

Reflux / ulcer

Question 8

Kaolin uses

Answer 8

Diarrhoea

Question 9

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis example

Answer 9

Penicillin

Question 10

inhibitor or bacterial protein synthesis- example

Answer 10

tetracycline

Question 11

Therapeutic use of a caustic and give example

Answer 11

Silver nitrate - derides granulation tissue

Question 12

What is a demulcent and give example

Answer 12

Eg zinc oxide - causes a soothing film over mucous membrane

Question 13

Dropsy - meaning

Answer 13

old term for edema

Question 14

Artemisins what is it and used for

Answer 14

Natural alkaloid - used as antimalarial

Question 15

what happens in preclinical stages

Answer 15

In vitro assays, then experiment on animals - clinical trials move to humans

Question 16

Name the five stages in preclinical before clinical trial can start

Answer 16

1. Target selection (identify and validate target - most often G protein coupled receptors)
2. Lead discovery (identify modulators of protein function)
3. Medicinal chemistry (focus on small organic molecules)
4. In vitro studies (component of organism)
5. In vivo studies - animals

Question 17

Clinical trial phases list them and describe them

Answer 17

1 - 20-50 healthy volunteers - toxicity, tolerated dose, pharmacodynamics/kinetics
2. 50-300 patients(sick with thing you want to treat) - controlled single blind safety/efficacy/toxicity/interactions
3. Extended - more people 250-1000 patients - controlled double blind - package insert info.
4 - post marketing surveillance - long term adverse effects.

Question 18

Describe thalidomide disaster

Answer 18

Drug sold as sleeping pill safe for pregnant women = malformed limbs in children

Question 19

What is an orphan drug - example of conditions

Answer 19

pharmaceutical agent developed to treat a rare medical condition, the condition called an orphan disease :
Guachers, Wilsons, Crohns