SMP's and ICZM Flashcards
ICZM
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
A process for coastal management using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone including geographical and political boundaries. In an attempt to achieve sustainability
Aims of an ICZM
It aims for the coordinated application of different policies affecting the coastal zone
Related to activities including: Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change Nature protection Aquaculture Fisheries Agriculture Industry Offshore wind energy Shipping Tourism Development of Infrastructure
Benefits of ICZM’s
Price/value of land may rise Protection of buildings and infrastructure Employment derived from defence building Peace of mind for residents Protection of businesses
Costs of ICZM’s
Economic cost of maintenance and repair
Cost of building sea defences
Disruption of wildlife and coastal ecosystem
Reduced access to the beach during works
Visually unattractive
Disruption of various natural processes
Increased erosion downdrift due to beach starvation and long-shore drift
ICZM Case Study - Mangrove Forests
Mangroves are a group of trees and shrubs that lives in the coastal intertidal zone. They grow in areas with saline, low oxygen soil, where slow moving waters allow fine sediments to accumulate.
Charities are involves to help maintain them
Different governmental bodies come up with solutions to manage coasts as well as social and economic factors
The focus is to protect the coastline
Introduces new techniques for business
It ensures the economic value of the land remains
ICZM Case Study - Odisha, India
Location: South-east coast, borders the Bengal Bay, Neighbouring countries are Bangladesh, China and Pakistan
Odisha is the 9th largest state in India and 11th largest by population
The majority of the coastline is at 0-150 on the physical attitude scale, meaning that it’s fairly low lying
The Utkal and Chillika Plains are often flooded. Mangrove swamps are common at the coast
Odisha has mostly depositional landforms due to the low energy environment created by the bay
The coast is relatively straight at 480km in length, with a few natural inlets and harbors
Threats to Odisha
Odisha’s coast is at risk from tropical cyclones and storm surges. Climate Change may increase the frequency and intensity of storms
85% of the coastal zone is under fragile conditions, due to deforestation and conversion for agricultural purposes
Climate Change - Increased coastal erosion due to surging waves, strong winds and torrential rains, all associated with cyclones
Vegetation that helps protect the coast from erosion is under threat. It has been removed for fuel wood in places and for development of resorts and other infrastructure
SMP
Shoreline Management Plan
It is a strategy for managing flood and erosion risk for a particular stretch of coastline
They identify the best ways to manage coastal flood and erosion risk to people and the developed, historic and natural environment
SMP Case Study - N.E Norfolk
Happisburgh
Location: County of Norfolk, East Anglia, Sub-cell 3A, 20 miles from Norwich, North East coastline of North Norfolk District
North Norfolk Cliffs reach heights of 75 metres
Cliff Characteristics:
1. Made of soft materials which are vulnerable to erosion and mass movement caused by undercutting
2. Clay cliff materials are impermeable meaning that they trap water, saturating the cliffs, making them weak and susceptible to land sliding.
Happisburgh has low cliffs, around 10 metres or so
In December 2013, residential buildings were swept away by the sea
Coastline that’s unprotected by defences can erode up to 2.5m per year
In 1959, revetments were put in place. They lack government funding and are an undermanaged retreat policy. They now use the ‘managed retreat’ as the government stated that it was too expensive to keep repairing and building new defences.
