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A&P Exam III > Smooth and Cardiac Muscle > Flashcards

Smooth and Cardiac Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

How does smooth muscle compare to skeletal muscle

A
  1. It is stronger (per gram muscle)
  2. More efficient
  3. Slower
  4. Uses “latch” mechanism when contracting
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2
Q

What is the speed of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

A

Skeletal muscle - 0.15ms
Smooth muscle - 0.5-2 seconds

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3
Q

Where does smooth muscle get its Ca++

A

Primarily extracellularly
SR in smooth muscle does not store as much Ca++, so if blood calcium is low smooth muscles ability to contract will be affected

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4
Q

What is the functional unit of smooth muscle

A

Thick Myosin filaments

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5
Q

How many sarcoplasmic reticulum do smooth muscle have

A

It’s location dependent, some smooth muscle will have barely any

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6
Q

What is the ratio of myosin to actin in smooth vs skeletal muscle

A

Smooth muscle - 10:1
Skeletal muscle - 2:1

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7
Q

What are the dense bodies of smooth muscle composed of

A

Collagen and fibrin

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8
Q

What is the speed of smooth muscle cross bridge cycling

A

1/10th-1/300th the speed of skeletal muscle cross bridge cycling

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9
Q

How thick is the endothelium in smooth muscle

A

1 cell thick

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10
Q

What is the outter layer of smooth muscle called

A

Adventitia

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11
Q

What is the middle layer of smooth muscle called

A

Medial muscle fibers

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12
Q

What is the inner layer of smooth muscle called

A

Endothelium

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13
Q

What are smooth muscle examples

A
  1. Eye pupil diameter control
  2. Small/medium airway smooth muscle
  3. Small intestinal muscle
  4. Vascular
  5. Esophagus
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14
Q

How will hypocalcemia affect your cardiovascular system (basic)

A
  1. SVR will be low
  2. CO will be low
  3. BP will be low
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15
Q

Where are SR clustered in smooth muscle

A

Around the caveolae

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16
Q

In smooth muscle, how many myosin light chains are on the myosin filament

A

2 regulatory MLC
2 Essential MLC

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17
Q

How much can smooth muscle and skeletal muscle shorten by

A

Skeletal muscle - 30%
Smooth muscle - 80%

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18
Q

What are the different types of smooth muscle

A

Unitary (visceral)
Multi-unit

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19
Q

Where is unitary smooth muscle

A

In our organs

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20
Q

How do unitary smooth muscle and multi-unit smooth muscle receive signals

A

Multi unit- Each cell receives neurotransmitter signals individually
Visceral - Utilize gap junctions to spread a signal and contract simultaneously

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21
Q

Where are multi-unit smooth muscle usually located

A

Where more fine movement is required such as ciliary muscle

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22
Q

What type of muscle is the esophogus made of

A

Hybrid between smooth and skeletal

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23
Q

What is another name for Adventitia

A

Tunica adventitia/externa

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24
Q

What is another name for medial muscle fibers

A

Tunica media

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25
Q

What is another name for endothelium

A

Tunica intima

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26
Q

Which part of the smooth muscle is composed of a lot of elastin

A

Adventitia (tunica externa)

27
Q

What is the structural support of the blood vessels

A

Adventitia

28
Q

How are individual smooth muscle cells connected

A

Dense bodies

29
Q

What is the vrms of smooth muscle

A

-50mV
Higher resting membrane permeability to Na+ and Ca++

30
Q

Where is oscillating resting membrane potentials found

A

Gastrointestinal system

31
Q

What happens to a blood vessel when smooth muscle contracts

A

The diameter of the vessel decreases

32
Q

What part of the nervous system does smooth muscle utilize

A

Autonomic

33
Q

What are the receptors that we talked about that cause vasoconstriction

A
  1. Alpha 1
  2. Angiotensin I
  3. Serotonin
34
Q

Where do we not have Alpha 1 receptors

A

Brain and capillaries

35
Q

What does phospholipase C target

A

Phosphotidylinositol

36
Q

When cleaved what does phosphotidylinositol split into

A

DAG and IP3

37
Q

What does protein kinase C do

A

Opens cell wall Ca++ channels
Speeds up myosin light chain kinase

38
Q

What are the 3 ways Ca++ is removed from a muscle cell

A
  1. SERCA pumps back into SR
  2. Out via NaCXchanger
  3. Out via plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA)
39
Q

Another name for stretch induced contraction

A

Myogenic vasoconstriction

40
Q

What part of the body utilizes myogenic vasoconstriction

A

Brain blood vessels autoregulate CBF this way
Involves stretch mediated Na+ and Ca++ permeability of smooth muscle

41
Q

What is an example of stretch induced relaxation

A

Bladder muscles - Sometimes has to relax to fill more, also why will lose sensation to urinate after a while

42
Q

How can smooth muscle have contraction independent of AP

A

Release of internal Ca++ does not participate in change of resting membrane potential, which can cause contraction without AP

43
Q

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle

A

hybrid smooth and skeletal

44
Q

what is the vrm of SA node

A

-55mV

45
Q

What is the vrm of ventricular myocyte

A

-80mV

46
Q

What receptor does angiotensin II utilize

A

AT1

47
Q

What type of gates are on Ca++ slow channels

A

F gate - inactivation gate
d gate - activation gate

48
Q

Where does Ca++ in cardiac muscle come from and how much

A

20% extracellular
80% from SR

49
Q

Where does Ca++ go when the cardiac muscle cell id repolarizing

A

80% back into SR via SERCA
15% out NaCX
5% out Ca++ATPase

50
Q

What is phospholamban

A

Regulates uptake of Ca++ through SERCA

51
Q

What takes the brunt of damage in cardiac myocyte from an MI

A

NaKATPase are most likely to be affected in the event of infarction. Damage to these pumps will cause a complete shut down of the cardiac myocyte

52
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

Junctions between cardiac cells to add surface area for more gap junctions than other cells
Important particularly in ventricular cardiac cells

53
Q

How many nucleus do cardiac muscle have

A

1 or 2

54
Q

What are the layers of the heart muscle

A
  1. Endocardium
  2. myocardium
  3. epicardium
55
Q

What is the outter layer of the heart

A
  1. Pericardial space
  2. Parietal pericardium
  3. Fibrous pericardium
56
Q

Whats different about fibrous pericardium

A

Much tougher than the rest of the pericardium

57
Q

What happens if you have fluid under the fibrous pericardium

A

Inhibits the hearts ability to pump due to pressure

58
Q

What is the pattern of the endocardial fibers and why is it useful

A

Criss cross pattern, allows the heart fibers to twist and squeeze to more efficiently eject blood

59
Q

What is visceral pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

60
Q

What is the threshold potential of the SA node and AV node

A

-40mV

61
Q

What are purkinje fiber resting membrane potential

A

-90mV

62
Q

What is the plateau phase caused by in ventricular myocyte

A

Open L type calcium channel

63
Q

What are T-type calcium channels

A

Secondary Ca++ channel in the heart that is a fast Ca++ channel

64
Q

In an AP when is K+ channels closed

A

Phase 0,1,2

A&P Exam III (3 decks)

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