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MCB 150 > Smartbook 3 > Flashcards

Smartbook 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell biology

A

The study of individual cells and their interactions with each other

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2
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest units of life
  3. New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division
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3
Q

The function of DNA in cells

A

Stores genetic information

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4
Q

The function of RNA in cells

A

Acts as intermediary in the process of protein synthesis and plays other important roles such as ribozymes

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5
Q

The function of proteins in cells

A

Form the foundation of the structure and activities of cells

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6
Q

Primodial soup

A

The product of spontaneous appearance of organic molecules (esp. Nucleotides + Amino Acids), eventually give rise to living cells

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7
Q

Early earth environment was ideal for accumulating organic matters because…

A
  1. Little free oxygen for oxidation
  2. No living organisms to metabolize organic matter
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8
Q

Prebiotic soup

A

The slow accumulation of organic molecules in early oceans; key event in preceding the origin of life

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9
Q

Reducing atmosphere hypothesis

A

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions may be responsible for the formation of complex organic molecules from simple organic molecules
*Involves: Water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia

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10
Q

Extraterrestrial hypothesis

A

Organic molecules traveled to Earth from asteroids and comets in the form of meteorites

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11
Q

Carbonaceous chondrites

A

Meteorites that may contain a substantial amount of organic carbon, including amino acids and nucleic acid bases

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12
Q

Deep-sea vent hypothesis

A

Extreme temperatures, metal ions, H2S and NH3 interact, leading to organic molecules

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13
Q

Biological communities found in the deep-sea vent

A

Fish, worms, clams, crabs, shrimp, and bacteria — all receive energy from chemicals in the vent and not from the sun

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14
Q

Stage 2 of the origin of cells involve ____ ____ (macromolecules) forming on the surface of ____

A

Organic polymers; clay

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15
Q

4 Key features of the characteristics that makes protobionts possible precursors of living cells

A
  1. A boundary that separates the internal contents of the protobiont from the external environment
  2. Polymers inside the protobiont contained information
  3. Polymers inside the protobiont had catalytic functions
  4. The capability of protobionts to self-replicate
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16
Q

3 key functions of RNA in the RNA world

A
  1. Store information in nucleotide base sequence
  2. The nucleotide sequence has the capability of self-replication
  3. Ribozymes: RNA molecules that can catalyze chemical reactions
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17
Q

Chemical selection

A

When a chemical within a mixture has special properties/advantages that cause it to increase in amount relative to other chemicals in the mixture

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18
Q

Why was the RNA world suspended by the modern DNA/RNA/Protein world?

A
  • The function of information storage was taken by DNA
  • Metabolism and other cellular functions are taken care of by proteins that has a greater catalytic ability than RNA molecules
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19
Q

Microscopy

A

Using microscopes to take micrographs

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20
Q

Resolution

A

A measure of the clarity of an image; the ability to observe 2 adjacent objects as distinct from one another

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21
Q

Contrast

A

Relative difference in lightness, darkness, or color between adjacent regions in a sample

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22
Q

Magnification

A

The ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and the objects actual size

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23
Q

Light microscope

A

Uses light for illumination
- Can resolve structures as close as 0.2 micron (micrometer) from each other

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24
Q

Electron microscope

A

Uses a beam of electrons for illumination

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25
Q

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

A beam of electrons are transmitted through a biological sample

26
Q

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

Used to view the surface of a sample; sample coated with heavy metal, then exposed to an electron beam that scans its surface

27
Q

Protein-protein interactions

A

Proteins binding together and creating intricate cell structures and also facilitate processes in which proteins interact in a consistent series of steps

28
Q

Genome

A

The entire complement of its genetic material

29
Q

Genes

A

(Within each species’ genome) contains the information to produce proteins largely responsible for determining cell structure and function

30
Q

Categories of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and Archaea

31
Q

Glycocalyx

A

An outer viscous covering surrounding a bacteria; traps water and helps protect it from drying out

32
Q

Capsule

A

Keeps the bacteria from being destroyed by an animal’s immune system; aid in the attachment to cell surfaces

33
Q

Archaea are like bacteria, they are very widespread across the world, except they are ____ common and often occupy ____ environments

A

Less; extreme

34
Q

Shared structures of prokaryotic cells

A
  • Pili
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleoid
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell wall
  • Flagella
35
Q

Pili

A

Allow cells to attach to surfaces

36
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins that forms the barrier between the interior of the cell and its environment

37
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Region of the cell contained within the plasma membrane

38
Q

Nucleoid

A

Where the genetic material is located; found in prokaryotics only — not membrane bound

39
Q

Ribosomes

A

Involved in polypeptide synthesis

40
Q

Cell wall

A

Supports and protects the plasma membrane and cytoplasm; nearly all species have a relatively rigid one

41
Q

Flagella

A

Provide prokaryotic cells with the ability to move

42
Q

Eukaryotic cells are ____ by internal membranes to create ____

A

Compartmentalized; organelles

43
Q

Eukaryotes are all species other than ____ and ____

A

Bacteria; archaea

44
Q

Organelle

A

A membrane-bound compartment with its own inquest structure and function

45
Q

Cytosol

A

Region of an eukaryotic cell outside of organelles but inside the plasma membrane; also a central coordinating region for many metabolic activities of eukaryotic cells

46
Q

The cytoskeleton is made up by ____ types of protein: ____, ____ and ____

A

Microtubules; intermediate filaments; actin filaments

47
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow protein filament, important for cell shape, organization, and movement

48
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Animal cells only; helps maintain cell shape and rigidity

49
Q

Actin filaments

A

Thin type of protein filament composed of actin proteins, supports the plasma membrane and play a key role in cell strength, shape, and movement

50
Q

Motor proteins

A

A category of proteins that uses ATP as a source of energy to promote movements

51
Q

Cilia and flagella are two types of cell appendages that uses ____ and ____ to facilitate movement

A

Microtubules; motor proteins

52
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

A network of membranes that form cisternae and fluid-filled tubules; both are continuous structures

53
Q

Lumen

A

The internal space of an organelle (or an organ)

54
Q

Rough ER has its outer surface studded with ____, giving it a ____ appearance

A

Ribosomes; bumpy

55
Q

Functions of the rough ER

A
  • Sort proteins that are destined for the ER
  • Insert newly made proteins into the ER membrane
  • Glycosylation: Attach carbohydrates to proteins and lipids
56
Q

Smooth ER lacks ____ compared to the rough ER

A

Ribosomes

57
Q

Functions of the peroxisome enzymes

A

Detoxification, and the metabolism of both amino acids and fats

58
Q

Functions of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorting, secretion, and processing of proteins

59
Q

Semiautonomous organelles in eukaryotic cells are…

A

Chloroplasts & mitochondria

60
Q

Chaperones

A

Proteins that guide other proteins along the proper pathways of folding

61
Q

Cotranslational sorting

A

Proteins destined for the ER, Golgi, lysosome, plasma membrane or secretion are first directed to the ER

MCB 150 (3 decks)

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