Smartbook 3

Question 1

Cell biology

Answer 1

The study of individual cells and their interactions with each other

Question 2

Cell theory

Answer 2

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest units of life
3. New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division

Question 3

The function of DNA in cells

Answer 3

Stores genetic information

Question 4

The function of RNA in cells

Answer 4

Acts as intermediary in the process of protein synthesis and plays other important roles such as ribozymes

Question 5

The function of proteins in cells

Answer 5

Form the foundation of the structure and activities of cells

Question 6

Primodial soup

Answer 6

The product of spontaneous appearance of organic molecules (esp. Nucleotides + Amino Acids), eventually give rise to living cells

Question 7

Early earth environment was ideal for accumulating organic matters because…

Answer 7

1. Little free oxygen for oxidation
2. No living organisms to metabolize organic matter

Question 8

Prebiotic soup

Answer 8

The slow accumulation of organic molecules in early oceans; key event in preceding the origin of life

Question 9

Reducing atmosphere hypothesis

Answer 9

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions may be responsible for the formation of complex organic molecules from simple organic molecules
*Involves: Water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia

Question 10

Extraterrestrial hypothesis

Answer 10

Organic molecules traveled to Earth from asteroids and comets in the form of meteorites

Question 11

Carbonaceous chondrites

Answer 11

Meteorites that may contain a substantial amount of organic carbon, including amino acids and nucleic acid bases

Question 12

Deep-sea vent hypothesis

Answer 12

Extreme temperatures, metal ions, H2S and NH3 interact, leading to organic molecules

Question 13

Biological communities found in the deep-sea vent

Answer 13

Fish, worms, clams, crabs, shrimp, and bacteria — all receive energy from chemicals in the vent and not from the sun

Question 14

Stage 2 of the origin of cells involve ____ ____ (macromolecules) forming on the surface of ____

Answer 14

Organic polymers; clay

Question 15

4 Key features of the characteristics that makes protobionts possible precursors of living cells

Answer 15

1. A boundary that separates the internal contents of the protobiont from the external environment
2. Polymers inside the protobiont contained information
3. Polymers inside the protobiont had catalytic functions
4. The capability of protobionts to self-replicate

Question 16

3 key functions of RNA in the RNA world

Answer 16

1. Store information in nucleotide base sequence
2. The nucleotide sequence has the capability of self-replication
3. Ribozymes: RNA molecules that can catalyze chemical reactions

Question 17

Chemical selection

Answer 17

When a chemical within a mixture has special properties/advantages that cause it to increase in amount relative to other chemicals in the mixture

Question 18

Why was the RNA world suspended by the modern DNA/RNA/Protein world?

Answer 18

• The function of information storage was taken by DNA
• Metabolism and other cellular functions are taken care of by proteins that has a greater catalytic ability than RNA molecules

Question 19

Microscopy

Answer 19

Using microscopes to take micrographs

Question 20

Resolution

Answer 20

A measure of the clarity of an image; the ability to observe 2 adjacent objects as distinct from one another

Question 21

Contrast

Answer 21

Relative difference in lightness, darkness, or color between adjacent regions in a sample

Question 22

Magnification

Answer 22

The ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and the objects actual size

Question 23

Light microscope

Answer 23

Uses light for illumination
- Can resolve structures as close as 0.2 micron (micrometer) from each other

Question 24

Electron microscope

Answer 24

Uses a beam of electrons for illumination

Question 25

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Answer 25

A beam of electrons are transmitted through a biological sample

Question 26

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Answer 26

Used to view the surface of a sample; sample coated with heavy metal, then exposed to an electron beam that scans its surface

Question 27

Protein-protein interactions

Answer 27

Proteins binding together and creating intricate cell structures and also facilitate processes in which proteins interact in a consistent series of steps

Question 28

Genome

Answer 28

The entire complement of its genetic material

Question 29

Genes

Answer 29

(Within each species’ genome) contains the information to produce proteins largely responsible for determining cell structure and function

Question 30

Categories of prokaryotic cells

Answer 30

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 31

Glycocalyx

Answer 31

An outer viscous covering surrounding a bacteria; traps water and helps protect it from drying out

Question 32

Capsule

Answer 32

Keeps the bacteria from being destroyed by an animal’s immune system; aid in the attachment to cell surfaces

Question 33

Archaea are like bacteria, they are very widespread across the world, except they are ____ common and often occupy ____ environments

Answer 33

Less; extreme

Question 34

Shared structures of prokaryotic cells

Answer 34

- Pili - Plasma membrane - Cytoplasm - Nucleoid - Ribosomes - Cell wall - Flagella

Question 35

Pili

Answer 35

Allow cells to attach to surfaces

Question 36

Plasma membrane

Answer 36

Double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins that forms the barrier between the interior of the cell and its environment

Question 37

Cytoplasm

Answer 37

Region of the cell contained within the plasma membrane

Question 38

Nucleoid

Answer 38

Where the genetic material is located; found in prokaryotics only — not membrane bound

Question 39

Ribosomes

Answer 39

Involved in polypeptide synthesis

Question 40

Cell wall

Answer 40

Supports and protects the plasma membrane and cytoplasm; nearly all species have a relatively rigid one

Question 41

Flagella

Answer 41

Provide prokaryotic cells with the ability to move

Question 42

Eukaryotic cells are ____ by internal membranes to create ____

Answer 42

Compartmentalized; organelles

Question 43

Eukaryotes are all species other than ____ and ____

Answer 43

Bacteria; archaea

Question 44

Organelle

Answer 44

A membrane-bound compartment with its own inquest structure and function

Question 45

Cytosol

Answer 45

Region of an eukaryotic cell outside of organelles but inside the plasma membrane; also a central coordinating region for many metabolic activities of eukaryotic cells

Question 46

The cytoskeleton is made up by ____ types of protein: ____, ____ and ____

Answer 46

Microtubules; intermediate filaments; actin filaments

Question 47

Microtubules

Answer 47

Hollow protein filament, important for cell shape, organization, and movement

Question 48

Intermediate filaments

Answer 48

Animal cells only; helps maintain cell shape and rigidity

Question 49

Actin filaments

Answer 49

Thin type of protein filament composed of actin proteins, supports the plasma membrane and play a key role in cell strength, shape, and movement

Question 50

Motor proteins

Answer 50

A category of proteins that uses ATP as a source of energy to promote movements

Question 51

Cilia and flagella are two types of cell appendages that uses ____ and ____ to facilitate movement

Answer 51

Microtubules; motor proteins

Question 52

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 52

A network of membranes that form cisternae and fluid-filled tubules; both are continuous structures

Question 53

Lumen

Answer 53

The internal space of an organelle (or an organ)

Question 54

Rough ER has its outer surface studded with ____, giving it a ____ appearance

Answer 54

Ribosomes; bumpy

Question 55

Functions of the rough ER

Answer 55

- Sort proteins that are destined for the ER - Insert newly made proteins into the ER membrane - Glycosylation: Attach carbohydrates to proteins and lipids

Question 56

Smooth ER lacks ____ compared to the rough ER

Answer 56

Ribosomes

Question 57

Functions of the peroxisome enzymes

Answer 57

Detoxification, and the metabolism of both amino acids and fats

Question 58

Functions of the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 58

Sorting, secretion, and processing of proteins

Question 59

Semiautonomous organelles in eukaryotic cells are…

Answer 59

Chloroplasts & mitochondria

Question 60

Chaperones

Answer 60

Proteins that guide other proteins along the proper pathways of folding

Question 61

Cotranslational sorting

Answer 61

Proteins destined for the ER, Golgi, lysosome, plasma membrane or secretion are first directed to the ER