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Opthalmology > Smallies > Flashcards

Smallies Flashcards

1
Q

Distichiasis

A

Abnormal hair growth from the tarsal plate

Often not irritating, can be surgically repaired

Weimaraners are sensitive

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2
Q

Ectopic cilia

A

Hair growth from the conjunctiva, in direct contact with the corneal.

Often very irritating (epiphora/ blepharospasm), can be surgically removed and left open to heal

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3
Q

Entropion

A

Inward turning of the eyelid margin.

Particularly susceptible - sharpei

If young give tacking sutures and revisit.

Surgical repair - eliptical strip of skin and muscle removed from lower margin

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4
Q

Ectropion

A

Outward rolling of the eyelid margin.

Predisposed - Bassets

Surgical repair

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5
Q

Trichosis

A

Ie Lash laxity, seen in old cockers.

Corrected by Stades procedure - removal of skin and allowing granulation

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6
Q

Sebaceous epithelioma

A

Tarsal gland tumour - 1-2mm margins

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7
Q

What disinfectant should you use before performing eyelid surgery?

A

1:50 povidone - NO SURGICAL SCRUB xxx detergent

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8
Q

What principles should be employed when suturing eyelids? (x4)

A

Good apposition

Suture engaging the tarsal plate

Knot away from the cornea

Use a figure of eight suture

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9
Q

Cherry eye

A

Prolapsed nictitating membrane - particularly bulldogs

Repair via the pocket technique - remove kinked cartillage and bury the gland

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10
Q

What is the only justifiable reason for removing a third eyelid?

A

NEOPLASIA

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11
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for:

a) Fusidic acid
b) Gentamycin

A

a) Staph spp
b) Gram +ve and -ve - pseudomonas

Staphs and pseudomonas are the most common causes of simple conjunctivitis!

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12
Q

What causes keratitis sicca?

A
  • Immune-mediated
  • Long term sulphonamides
  • Iatrogenic
  • Distemper
  • Chronic conjunctivitis
  • Endocrine abnormalities
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13
Q

What treatment modalities should be used for treatment of dry eye?

A
  • Tear stimulation
    • Cyclosporin
    • Tacrolimus
  • Tear film replacement
    • Carbomer gel
      • lipid - good for overnight
    • Lacri-lube
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14
Q

What result on a tear test would be suggestive of dry eye?

A

15mm

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15
Q

What can cause ulcerative keratitis?

A
  • Direct trauma
  • Unhealthy eye environment - dry eye/ entropion
  • Corneal defects
  • Idiopathic
  • Iatrogenic
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16
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of a keratomalacia.

A

Rapid stromal breakdown due to proteolyitic enzymes originating from:

  • Psedomonas bacteria (g-ve)
  • Corneal cells
  • Inflammatory cells
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17
Q

Which part of the cornea will NOT stain with fluorescene dye?

A

Descements membrane - in a very deep ulcer it will appear as a dark circle in the middle of the dyed area

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18
Q

What three pharmacological agents should NOT be used on a corneal ulcer and why?

A
19
Q

What general principles are followed for treatment of ulcers?

A
  1. Broad spectrum antibiotics - every 4-6 hours
  2. Frequent lubrication
  3. Atropine - dilates the pupil and reduces pain
  4. Also serum/ contact lens may be useful
20
Q

Pannus

A

Inflammatory tissue invades the corneal surface - treat will cyclosporin

21
Q

What treatment protocol should be used for a case of uveitis?

A
  1. Mydriatics - analgesic and reduce risk of adhesions
  2. Topical steroids
22
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ACUTE glaucoma?

A
  • Red eye
  • Pain
  • +/- blindness
  • Increased IOP
  • Normal sized globe
  • Corneal changes - oedema
  • No PLR
23
Q

What clinical signs are associated with CHRONIC glaucoma?

A
  • Red eye
  • Variable pain
  • Blindness
  • No PLR
  • Corneal changes
  • Hard and enlarged globe
24
Q

What causes glaucoma to lead to secondary lens luxation?

A

Tearing of zonular fibres due to increased IOP

25
Q

What emergency treatments may be employed for a case of acute glaucoma?

A

IV mannitol - osmotic diuresis

PGE analogues - Latanoprost - increase outflow/ miosis

Paracentesis

REFERRAL!

26
Q

What piece of equipment is used to assess drainage angle?

A

Gonioscopy

27
Q

Which type of lens luxation is most likely to lead to glaucoma?

A

Anterior - blocks the drainage angle

28
Q

Aphakic cresent

A

Suggests weakness of one side of the cilial attachment

29
Q

Will a dog with a cataract have a PLR?

A

YES!

30
Q

How can you differentiate between nuclear sclerosis and cataracts?

A

Nuclear sclerosis still reflects light

31
Q

What does hyperreflectivity of the fundus suggest?

A

Retinal thinning

32
Q

GPRA

A

Generalised retinal atrophy - pan-retinal degeneration

Progresses to total blindness

Particularly in cockers and miniature poodles

33
Q

CEA

A

Collie eye abnormality

Abnormal area of hyperreflectivity lateral to the optic disc (abnormally large blood vessels)

34
Q

Describe the technique for trans-palpebral enucleation

A

Clamp the lid shut

Encircling incision - 2-3 mm from the eyelid edge

Cut canthal ligaments

Cut close to the sclera and blunt dissect

Clamp and encircling ligature around the optic nerve and blood vessels

Remove the globe

Closure in three layers - periorbital rim, tenons capsule and conjunctiva, skin sutures

35
Q

Chemosis

A

Swelling/ oedema of teh conjunctiva

36
Q

Corneal sequestrum

A

Necrosis od exposed stroma following ulceration - sequestrum acts as a foreign body

37
Q

What infectious agents can lead to uveitis in the cat?

A

FIV

FeLV

TB

38
Q

Retinal blindness can be caused iatrogenically by which drug when used in the cat?

A

Baytril - enrofloxacin

DO NOT use above the daily dose!

39
Q

Why is it important to use minimal pressure on the optic nerve when performing an enucleation?

A

Can pull on the optic chasm and cause disruption leading to bilateral blindness

40
Q

Tear duct infections are most commonly caused by what in the rabbit?

A

Dental misalignment leading to ascending pasteurella infection!

41
Q

Breeds susceptible to entropion?

A

Sharpei

Bulldog

(Bull breeds)

42
Q

Breeds susceptible to ectropion?

A

Basset hound

Flat coated retriever

43
Q

What is the function of the nictating membrane?

A

GLANDS

Protection of the corneal surface

Tear film distribution

Contains lymphoid tissue

Opthalmology (3 decks)

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