Small Scale Ecosystem- Epping Forest, East London

Question 1

What’s the role of a producer?

Answer 1

Converts energy into glucose from the sun, through photosynthesis

Question 2

What’s the role of a consumer?

Answer 2

Gain energy from sugars produced by producers.

Question 3

What’s the role of a decomposer?

Answer 3

Break down dead plant and animal organisms to return nutrients to the soil

Question 4

What’s an ecosystem?

Answer 4

A natural system consisting of biotic, abiotic features and the environment

Question 5

What’s a food chain?

Answer 5

Direct links between organisms in a line formation

Question 6

What’s a food Web?

Answer 6

Connections between organisms in an ecosystem

Question 7

Abiotic meaning

Answer 7

Non-living features of an ecosystem

Question 8

Biotic meaning

Answer 8

Living features of an ecosystem

Question 9

What does weathered rock do?

Answer 9

Releases nutrients into the soil

Question 10

Biodiversity definition

Answer 10

Biotic and abiotic features in the world/ particular habitat

Question 11

Soil erosion?

Answer 11

Removal of soil nutrients due to human activity

Question 12

Ecotourism?

Answer 12

Responsible travel, eco friendly- e.g. staying in cabins, not hotels

Question 13

Sustainability?

Answer 13

Current activities that won’t affect future generations

Question 14

Debt Reduction?

Answer 14

Political agreements where countries are relieved of debt in return for protecting their rainforest

Question 15

Interdependence?

Answer 15

Dependence of 2 or more things on eachother, e.g fish and water!

Question 16

Epping Forest Location?

Answer 16

East London, remains of a larger forest, colonised England at the end of the last ice age.

Question 17

How long is Epping Forest from north to south? And east and west?

Answer 17

12 miles. 2.5 miles.

Question 18

What’s the forest used for?

Answer 18

Hunting and timber resources

Question 19

_____ is the leading role of the forest

Answer 19

Recreation

Question 20

Forest is designated as a Site of ___ Interest, meaning it’s protected

Answer 20

Special

Question 21

______ layer is where emergent trees stick out, reaching heights of ____km! Exposed to ____ and rain.

Answer 21

Emergent. 60-70. Wind.

Question 22

Eagles, monkeys, bats and butterflies in what layer?

Answer 22

Emergent

Question 23

Most of rainforest life in ____. It’s like a leaky roof- most _____ and rainfall trapped here. 25-45km high.

Answer 23

Canopy. Sunlight.

Question 24

Snakes, toucans and insects in what layer?

Answer 24

Canopy

Question 25

Smaller trees and bushes in _____ layer. Jaguar rests here. ___ grows to 12 feet.

Answer 25

Understorey. Seldom

Question 26

Jaguars, red-eyed tree frogs, leopards and many insect species in what layer?

Answer 26

Understorey.

Question 27

__% of light that hits canopy gets in ______ floor. Most darkest, humid and sticky. Covered in ____ leaves, roots, twigs and branches.

Answer 27

2. Forest. Rotting.

Question 28

Which layer has insects, snakes and anteaters and fungi that feeds on rotting….?

Answer 28

Forest floor/ shrub layer. Leaves.

Question 29

Plant adaptations:

Answer 29

Drip tips, climbing plants and waxy leaves (repel rain), buttress roots- sit on top of soil for stability- supports tall tree trunks.

Question 30

Animal adaptations:

Answer 30

Non- poisonous frogs, strong limbs (howler monkeys), suction cups (tree frogs), camouflage (leaf tailed geckos).

Question 31

What latitude are temperate deciduous forests found?

Answer 31

Between 30-60 North.

Question 32

Latitude coniferous forests?

Answer 32

50-60 north

Question 33

How do tropical rainforests create their own water system?

Answer 33

Evaporation (high levels), transpiration

Question 33

Latitude tropical rainforest?

Answer 33

5-10 North and South

Question 34

Name a plant adapted to tropical rainforest:

Answer 34

Lianas and epiphytes

Question 35

Logging?

Answer 35

Removal of trees. Sold to big companies. Most popular is mahogany

Question 36

Selective logging?

Answer 36

Cutting down older trees and letting younger ones grow- it’s sustainable!

Question 37

Clear felling?

Answer 37

Huge rainforest areas cut down

Question 38

Amazon- Mineral Extraction:

Answer 38

Main: Gold. Over 50,000 hectares of land. 10,000 in 1999. Illegal mines. Bauxite also extracted- used for tarmac in roads.

Question 39

Other deforestation causes in Amazon:

Answer 39

Commercial farming- cattle and crops ( palm oil, pineapple, coffee and sugar cane). by 2010- 24.5 mil hectares used for soy bean farming. Illegal animal trading- monkey and jaguar. Could lead2degradation, extinction.

Question 40

Impacts of deforestation in Brazil:

Answer 40

Global warming (talk abt trees, CO2), Biodiversity (50,000 species a year extinct, Amazon rainforest can lose 30-45% of main species by 2030), soil erosion (thin tap soil removed by heavy rainfall, loses fertility- also when covered by trees), decline indigenous tribes (240 tribes forced out, end up in towns/ cities, addictions develop, 1 mil indigenous people. Lose tradition and natural remedies + knowledge of rainforest).

Question 41

Sustainability- local, national and international:

Answer 41

Local- Selective logging, replanting and ecotourism- indroduce ppl to natural world, benefit local communities and protect environment for future National- laws, policies- conservation and education- establish protected areas. International- inter- governmental agreements

Question 42

International agreements protect resources and _____ of the forests. International ____ ___ agreement in ____ restricts hardwood trade. All timber marked with ____________.

Answer 42

Biodiversity. Tropical timber. 2006. Registration number.

Question 43

Tropical rainforest location: _ % of worlds land surface. Near ___ line. 5 and 10 n and s of equator. Largest in Amazon but main in…?

Answer 43

7%. Equator. central Africa, Amazon basin and south east Asia

Question 44

Tropical rainforest climate:

Answer 44

Consistent, high precipitation due to global atmospheric circulation (low pressure area forms at equator), rising air creates clouds.found in equatorial zone. Over 2000mm a year. Averages 27 degrees Celsius

Question 45

Hot deserts location:

Answer 45

30 n and s of equator. Largest desert in Northern Africa- Sahara. Extremely arid conditions, less than 250mm annual rainfall.

Question 46

Hot deserts climate:

Answer 46

Cloudless skies- high insulation levels in day but heat loss at night. Up to 40 degrees C temp. Cool, dry sinking air that heats quickly due to sun concentrated at equator.

Question 47

Hot desert soils:

Answer 47

Limited by water and vegetation shortages. Sandy rock soils 1m deep. Tall dunes in some places. Potentially fertile soil due to lack of leaching. If irrigated, can be highly productive.

Question 48

Tropical rainforest soils:

Answer 48

Infertile. Most nutrients found at surface, where dead leaves decompose in hot/ humid conditions. Trees and plants have shallow roots to survive. Leeching- leaves behind infertile, rich soil: latosol.

Question 49

Cacti adaptations:

Answer 49

-spikes deter consumer species -spikes instead of leaves for small surface area -taproots (7-10m deep) to reach ground water -succulents- store water in tissues

Question 50

Thar Desert location:

Answer 50

Tropic of Cancer, 27 degrees north, Rajasthan and Pakistan. Jaisalmer is in it.

Question 51

Thai development opportunities:

Answer 51

Tourism- 1/2 mil visitors in Jaisalmer per year Animal farming- camel milk treats lactose intolerant babies, camel blood friends cancer and type 1 diabetes -Mineral extraction- Gypsem used to make concrete and phosphorite used in fertiliser -commercial farming- India Gandhi brings water into deserts -Enegy- solar farms and wind farms, largest wind farm in Jaisalmer.

Question 52

Thai desert challenges:,

Answer 52

Extreme temp- reach about 50 degrees C Water supply- little for ppl, industry and agriculture. Inaccessibility- large size and harsh landscape. Accessible by camel= limited infrastructure.

Question 53

Desertification causes in Sahel desert:

Answer 53

-Population growth- expected to reach 1 billion by 2050, migration= population pressure -Overgrazing -overcropping land- exhausts soil’s fertility -Soil erosion by over cultivation and overgrazing.

Question 54

Causes that relate to desertification:

Answer 54

Refugee camps, soil erosion, overgrazing, over cultivation, population growth, conflict

Question 55

Effects of desertification:

Answer 55

Lack of food (leeching of soil) and water = starvation, loss of species= lack of local medicine availability, population pressure, migration, less tree cover= soil exposed to sun, people draw water out of soil for irrigation, but leaves salt deposits (salinisation) so crops can’t be planted.

Question 56

Solutions to Desertification:

Answer 56

1) The Great Green Wall- 7100km long wall, 15km wide, vegetation and trees to stop desertification spread 2) efficient stoves to stop removing trees for firewood. Emit enough electricity from heat to chafe phone. Farmers can use these phones for weather forecasts. 3) low stone walls, planted parallel to gradient shape, prevent soil erosion and slow down rainwater flow over baked ground. Slow runoff= more time for infiltration. Planted 10-25m apart. 4) Plant trees to stabilise soil- rotting leaves gives nutrients to soil. Relate to green wall. Nat reduce conflict and refugee camp numbers. 5) Better land and water management- tree planting, plant grass on slopes, build small rock dams, collect rainwater on rooftops, build terraces- flat sections with retaining wall.

Question 57

What is drip irrigation?

Answer 57

Adding water bit-by-bit to crops, using it sensibly, instead of sprinklers- prevents water shortages.