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AHW - FARM > small ruminants (1/5) > Flashcards

small ruminants (1/5) Flashcards

1
Q

name the typical small ruminants

A
  • sheep
  • goats
  • deer
  • (camelids -) llamas
  • (camelids -) alpaca
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2
Q

2 characteristics of small ruminants:

A
  • stomach structure: multiple stomach compartments (usually 4), regurgitate food via RUMEN
  • ‘clovered foot’ - TYLOPODA
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3
Q

sheep body weight

(Longwool crossing?​)
- Border Leicester

​
(Terminal meat?​)
- Suffolk
​

(Hill​?)
- Dalesbred

A

BL ewe: 90-120kg
BL ram: 140-175kg

S ewe: 80-110kg
S ram: 110-160kg

D ewe: 45-60kg
D ram: 55-70kg

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4
Q

goat body weight (all weights for adults)

  • dairy
  • angora
  • pygmy
A

dairy fem: 55-105kg
dairy male: 75-120kg

angora fem: 33-55kg
angora: 50-70kg

pygmy female: 22-27kg
pygmy male: 28-32kg

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5
Q

Deer: weight and height – see onenote

A
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6
Q

llama: (adult)

weight
height (withers)

A

weight: 113-250kg

height: 102-119cm

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7
Q

alpaca: (adult)

weight
height (withers)

A

weight: 55-90kg

height: 76-96cm

(sheep on stilts)

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8
Q

sheep and goat: PHYSICAL DIFFS

  • coats
  • tails
  • upper lip
  • glands
  • horns
A
  • goats usually hair coats
    (no shearing/combing),
    sheep usually wool
    (sheared annually, some exceptions have hair)
  • goats not, lambs often docked
  • sheep divided by distinct philtrum (groove)
  • MALE goats glands under tail (smell),
    sheep tear glands beneath eyes and foot/scent glands between toes
  • most goats have, most sheep naturally polled (hornless)
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9
Q

sheep and goats: horns and tails

differences

A

generally:
goats - up
sheep - down

horns:
goats - less curved, more narrow
sheep - curl down

tails: USUALLY/GENERALLY
goats - go up
sheep - down

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10
Q

camelids: differences to other ruminants

  • teeth
  • stomach
  • adapted to live …
A
  • teeth continuously growing (apex of incisors remains open)
  • only 3 compartment stomach C-1,C-2,C-3 (still functionally ruminant)
  • at high altitudes (several haemato-vascular adaptations to low O2 avail and low atm. pressure)
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11
Q

sheep and goats: BEHAVIOUR

  • herd animals (but expand on differences)
  • seeking shelter
  • general nature
  • types of feeders
  • in fight
  • breeding season
A

both are herd animals

  • but sheep stronger in this instinct (MORE separation anxiety, but still present in goats e.g. if sep from litter mate) - keep together even if sick
  • goats seek shelter more readily, sheep flock and stay put
  • goats active/curious/indep but sheep more distant, aloof
  • goats browsers (leaves/twigs - top of plants), sheep grazers (grasses/weeds - close to ground)
  • in fight goats on hind legs, sheep reverse and charge
  • breeding season male goats pungent ch. smell, ram little/no smell
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12
Q

sheep behaviour: when disturbed -

A
  • move uphill towards horizon (castle on the hill)
  • if chased = panic and scatter
  • alert others = head high, jerky steps, snorting
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13
Q

sheep:

graze for?

walk for?

A

10 hrs,

3-8 miles

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14
Q

goat behaviour (points to note)

behaviour = how to manage

A
  • inquisitive - investigate by chewing = care with cables, toxic agents etc.
  • easily bored = regular stimulation
  • ‘separation anxiety’ = do not sep from litter mate
  • can develop close affinity with owner/keeper = careful ?
  • stand on/break fences/gates = higher gates

HIDING PLACES IMPORTANT - ESP FOR KIDS

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15
Q

CAMELIDS:

llama, alpaca, deer - types of feeders?

A

llama - grazer and browser = adaptable species

alpaca = grazer

deer = vary by species

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16
Q

camelids:

general nature

A
  • flock/herd animals
  • protective = stand/fight predators SO USE AS GUARD ANIMAL FOR SHEEP FLOCKS
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17
Q

CAMELIDS: behaviour when ill (7)
(also incls sheep)

A

prey animals = hide illness

  • fist sign often death
  • moving away from herd
  • not eating
  • loss of condition (routine BCS helps to monitor, fleece covering makes difficult to see)
  • lameness (watch as approaching for feed)
  • dirty backsides (should be clean no dags, indicator of scouring)
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18
Q

CAMELIDS:
dangers

A
  • kick (padded foot but hooves still sharp)
  • males hit with head
  • spitting
  • *TB (ZOONOTIC)
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19
Q

CAMELIDS:
handling

A
  • encourage owners to handle regularly

[good eyesight and do not like obstruction of sight/dark places]
SO
- rope/solid tape to guide into pens (solid barrier seen by good eyesight)

  • if they challenge the line - shake it
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20
Q

CAMELIDS:
restraint

A
  • hand aeound neck - supporting not scruffing
  • other arm over hip area (?) (- same position aim for sheep but your hand won’t reach skin flap as camelid too big???)
  • do not sandwich with holder on other side - no escape route = nervous
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21
Q

handling deer: signs of aggression in stags (male red)

A
  • grinding teeth
  • lolling tongue
  • rolling eyes
  • flattening ears against head
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22
Q

how to determine sex:

A

look under tail
- female 2 openings: anus and vagina
- male 1 opening: anus

other cues
- presence of testes/penis etc.
camelid testes = peanut size = difficult to see

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23
Q

term for group of:
- sheep
- goat/camelids

A
  • flock
  • herds
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24
Q

scientific names:
- sheep

A

ovine

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25
Q

scientific names:
- goat

A

caprine

26
Q

scientific names:
- camelid (ALPACA)

A

camelid

27
Q

scientific names:
- deer (red)

A

cervine

28
Q

what is a barren/geld/yeld

A

not pregnant/empty sheep

29
Q

sheep products: give the minor and major

A
  • lamb is the only sig final product
  • wool/milk/mutton/skins = minor products
30
Q

lamb pricing depends on:

A
  • breed
  • quality
  • time of yr (price up when avail down and vice versa)
31
Q

goat milk production (lactation):

  • when?
  • who?
A
  • up to 18 months (usually 10 to keep/allow annual kidding)
  • goats with kids OR maiden milkers (without kidding)
32
Q

when are sheep sheared?

why?

A

once a yr - may/june - when weather warmer

shearing too early – wool/coat too dry as ^temp = oil into fur = easier to shear ​

33
Q

3 types of sheep flock:

A

PEDIGREE FLOCKS:
needed in order to produce and supply pure bred ewes and rams, non-breeding lambs go for meat

COMMERCIAL FLOCKS:
usually crossbred ewes producing finished lambs, some breed own replacements

PET SHEEP/HOBBY FLOCKS

34
Q

2 ADDITIONAL types of sheep flock: (more specific)

A

FINN DORSET/DORSET HORN (+ SOME OTHERS):
can breed out of season (not seasonally oestrus) = can produce lamb 3 times in 2 years = sell out of season lamb

‘EASYCARE’:
lambing and mothering lambs with minimal input, forage based feed, some resistance to worms and lameness

35
Q

TYPES OF GOAT HERD
(2 main divisions w diff types within these)

A

LARGER HERDS:
- dairy
- meat
- fibre

PET/HOBBY HERDS

36
Q

management: 10 routine procedures

A

SHEARING

DAGGING (flystrike)

CASTRATION (e.g. red deer – may make easier to manage overtly aggressive males)​

SHEEP TAIL DOCKING

VACCINATION

FAECAL EGG COUNTS
(+ drenching for anthelmintics)

DIPPING/FLY CONTROL (prevent flystrike)

FOOTCARE (prev measure)

BCS/WEIGHING (ADULTS ONLY)

TUPPING

37
Q

deer husbandry: 2 types of setting

A

park setting (classed as wild, not housed/weaned/antlers not removed)

farm setting (conventional agricultural practices)

38
Q

camelid shearing:

  • when
  • why
  • restraint position
  • fleece value
A
  • Annually in May/June​
  • Allows regrowth for when cools in september
  • Laid onto side with feet trussed and someone supporting head
  • usually high value
39
Q

camelids blood sampling - where?

NEEDLE SIZE

A

jugular vein (right ONLY - left = neuro damage)

cephalic and saphenous okay too

needle size : 18 or 19G

40
Q

camelids SC injection - where?

A

skin fold at axilla or cranial to shoulder

41
Q

camelids IM injection - where? (3)

A

quadriceps

semitendinous/semimembranous

triceps

42
Q

camelid first mating when?

A

at least 60% adult bw (16-18 months)

43
Q

breeding - see onenote table

A
44
Q

breeding:

define fecundity

A

no of young produced per female mated

45
Q

breeding:

define fertility

A

no of ewes lambed per ewe mated (or goat kidded etc)

46
Q

what should the ratio of ram:ewes be

A

1:50 (ball park)

47
Q

at what age are rams suitable to be served?

A

6 months

48
Q

assisted breeding: (?)

A
  • sponges (impregnated with progesterone)
  • ram/boar effect (fem isolated from males, intro male, induces oestrus and synchroninity)
  • melatonin implants (breed out of season)
  • AI (sheep = laproscopic, goats = cervical)
  • embryo transfer
  • semen collection (artifical vagina/electroejaculation)
49
Q

pregnancy diagnosis:

A
  • lack of heat
  • ultrasound
  • abdominal palpation
  • test on milk (?) oestrus sulphate
  • camelids spitting off
50
Q

what is crucial in last 6 weeks of pregnancy?

  • why
A

NUTRITION

  • to cope w 80% foetal growth
  • development of mammary tissue
  • reduction in VFI (voluntary food intake) - as rumen capacity reduced
51
Q

camelids: main diseases

  • uterine
  • ovarian
A

Main uterine disease: endometritis​

Main ovarian diseases: hypoplasia; follicular cysts; persistent corpora lutea​

52
Q

artificial rearing of lambs:

  • remove which lamb from litter?
  • feed - what and how?
  • wean when?
A
  • strongest
  • milk replacer in correct conc (bottle/automatic feeder), offer pellets and hay after week (ideally before)
  • > 30days and >10kg (MINIMUM VALUES)
53
Q

LAMBS: finish (ready for slaughter) at what weight?

A

half adult weight (around 40kg)

54
Q

NORMAL PARAMETERS - MOODLE SHEET

A
55
Q

saleable products: general categories

A
  • meat
  • milk
  • fibre
  • skin
56
Q

saleable products: sheep

A
  • lamb/mutton
  • milk/cheese

fibre - wool

skin - sheepskin

57
Q

saleable products: goat

A

meat: goat/kid
milk: milk/cheese
fibre: mohair (angora) / cashmere
skin: leather

58
Q

saleable products: deer

A

meat: venison
milk: N/A
fibre: N/A (???)
skin: skins/leather

59
Q

saleable products: camelid

A

meat: not in UK
milk: n/a
fibre: alpaca/llama fibre
skin: skins/leather

60
Q

define ‘SHORT DAY polyoestrus’

  • which animals?
A

sexually active in winter (born in spring), multiple cycles of estrous a year

  • sheep, goats, deer (other camelids are just ‘polyoestrus’?)

AHW - FARM (2 decks)

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