sheep and goat: PHYSICAL DIFFS - coats - tails - upper lip - glands - horns

- goats usually hair coats (no shearing/combing), sheep usually wool (sheared annually, some exceptions have hair) - goats not, lambs often docked - sheep divided by distinct philtrum (groove) - MALE goats glands under tail (smell), sheep tear glands beneath eyes and foot/scent glands between toes - most goats have, most sheep naturally polled (hornless)

camelids: differences to other ruminants - teeth - stomach - adapted to live ...

- teeth continuously growing (apex of incisors remains open) - only 3 compartment stomach C-1,C-2,C-3 (still functionally ruminant) - at high altitudes (several haemato-vascular adaptations to low O2 avail and low atm. pressure)

sheep and goats: BEHAVIOUR - herd animals (but expand on differences) - seeking shelter - general nature - types of feeders - in fight - breeding season

both are herd animals - but sheep stronger in this instinct (MORE separation anxiety, but still present in goats e.g. if sep from litter mate) - keep together even if sick - goats seek shelter more readily, sheep flock and stay put - goats active/curious/indep but sheep more distant, aloof - goats browsers (leaves/twigs - top of plants), sheep grazers (grasses/weeds - close to ground) - in fight goats on hind legs, sheep reverse and charge - breeding season male goats pungent ch. smell, ram little/no smell

- kick (padded foot but hooves still sharp) - males hit with head - spitting - TB (ZOONOTIC)

- hand aeound neck - supporting not scruffing - other arm over hip area (?) (- same position aim for sheep but your hand won't reach skin flap as camelid too big???) - do not sandwich with holder on other side - no escape route = nervous

small ruminants (1/5) Flashcards by Jennah Khan

name the typical small ruminants

sheep
goats
deer
(camelids -) llamas
(camelids -) alpaca

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2 characteristics of small ruminants:

stomach structure: multiple stomach compartments (usually 4), regurgitate food via RUMEN
‘clovered foot’ - TYLOPODA

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sheep body weight

(Longwool crossing?)
- Border Leicester

(Terminal meat?)
- Suffolk

(Hill?)
- Dalesbred

BL ewe: 90-120kg
BL ram: 140-175kg

S ewe: 80-110kg
S ram: 110-160kg

D ewe: 45-60kg
D ram: 55-70kg

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goat body weight (all weights for adults)

dairy
angora
pygmy

dairy fem: 55-105kg
dairy male: 75-120kg

angora fem: 33-55kg
angora: 50-70kg

pygmy female: 22-27kg
pygmy male: 28-32kg

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Deer: weight and height – see onenote

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llama: (adult)

weight
height (withers)

weight: 113-250kg

height: 102-119cm

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alpaca: (adult)

weight
height (withers)

weight: 55-90kg

height: 76-96cm

(sheep on stilts)

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sheep and goat: PHYSICAL DIFFS

coats
tails
upper lip
glands
horns

goats usually hair coats
(no shearing/combing),
sheep usually wool
(sheared annually, some exceptions have hair)
goats not, lambs often docked
sheep divided by distinct philtrum (groove)
MALE goats glands under tail (smell),
sheep tear glands beneath eyes and foot/scent glands between toes
most goats have, most sheep naturally polled (hornless)

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sheep and goats: horns and tails

differences

generally:
goats - up
sheep - down

horns:
goats - less curved, more narrow
sheep - curl down

tails: USUALLY/GENERALLY
goats - go up
sheep - down

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camelids: differences to other ruminants

teeth
stomach
adapted to live …

teeth continuously growing (apex of incisors remains open)
only 3 compartment stomach C-1,C-2,C-3 (still functionally ruminant)
at high altitudes (several haemato-vascular adaptations to low O2 avail and low atm. pressure)

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sheep and goats: BEHAVIOUR

herd animals (but expand on differences)
seeking shelter
general nature
types of feeders
in fight
breeding season

both are herd animals

but sheep stronger in this instinct (MORE separation anxiety, but still present in goats e.g. if sep from litter mate) - keep together even if sick
goats seek shelter more readily, sheep flock and stay put
goats active/curious/indep but sheep more distant, aloof
goats browsers (leaves/twigs - top of plants), sheep grazers (grasses/weeds - close to ground)
in fight goats on hind legs, sheep reverse and charge
breeding season male goats pungent ch. smell, ram little/no smell

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sheep behaviour: when disturbed -

move uphill towards horizon (castle on the hill)
if chased = panic and scatter
alert others = head high, jerky steps, snorting

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sheep:

graze for?

walk for?

10 hrs,

3-8 miles

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goat behaviour (points to note)

behaviour = how to manage

inquisitive - investigate by chewing = care with cables, toxic agents etc.
easily bored = regular stimulation
‘separation anxiety’ = do not sep from litter mate
can develop close affinity with owner/keeper = careful ?
stand on/break fences/gates = higher gates

HIDING PLACES IMPORTANT - ESP FOR KIDS

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CAMELIDS:

llama, alpaca, deer - types of feeders?

llama - grazer and browser = adaptable species

alpaca = grazer

deer = vary by species

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camelids:

general nature

flock/herd animals
protective = stand/fight predators SO USE AS GUARD ANIMAL FOR SHEEP FLOCKS

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CAMELIDS: behaviour when ill (7)
(also incls sheep)

prey animals = hide illness

fist sign often death
moving away from herd
not eating
loss of condition (routine BCS helps to monitor, fleece covering makes difficult to see)
lameness (watch as approaching for feed)
dirty backsides (should be clean no dags, indicator of scouring)

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CAMELIDS:
dangers

kick (padded foot but hooves still sharp)
males hit with head
spitting
*TB (ZOONOTIC)

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CAMELIDS:
handling

encourage owners to handle regularly

[good eyesight and do not like obstruction of sight/dark places]
SO
- rope/solid tape to guide into pens (solid barrier seen by good eyesight)

if they challenge the line - shake it

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CAMELIDS:
restraint

hand aeound neck - supporting not scruffing
other arm over hip area (?) (- same position aim for sheep but your hand won’t reach skin flap as camelid too big???)
do not sandwich with holder on other side - no escape route = nervous

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handling deer: signs of aggression in stags (male red)

grinding teeth
lolling tongue
rolling eyes
flattening ears against head

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how to determine sex:

look under tail
- female 2 openings: anus and vagina
- male 1 opening: anus

other cues
- presence of testes/penis etc.
camelid testes = peanut size = difficult to see

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term for group of:
- sheep
- goat/camelids

flock
herds

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scientific names:
- sheep

ovine

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scientific names: - goat

caprine

scientific names: - camelid (ALPACA)

camelid

scientific names: - deer (red)

cervine

what is a barren/geld/yeld

not pregnant/empty sheep

sheep products: give the minor and major

- lamb is the only sig final product - wool/milk/mutton/skins = minor products

lamb pricing depends on:

- breed - quality - time of yr (price up when avail down and vice versa)

goat milk production (lactation): - when? - who?

- up to 18 months (usually 10 to keep/allow annual kidding) - goats with kids OR maiden milkers (without kidding)

when are sheep sheared? why?

once a yr - may/june - when weather warmer shearing too early – wool/coat too dry as ^temp = oil into fur = easier to shear

3 types of sheep flock:

PEDIGREE FLOCKS: needed in order to produce and supply pure bred ewes and rams, non-breeding lambs go for meat COMMERCIAL FLOCKS: usually crossbred ewes producing finished lambs, some breed own replacements PET SHEEP/HOBBY FLOCKS

2 ADDITIONAL types of sheep flock: (more specific)

FINN DORSET/DORSET HORN (+ SOME OTHERS): can breed out of season (not seasonally oestrus) = can produce lamb 3 times in 2 years = sell out of season lamb 'EASYCARE': lambing and mothering lambs with minimal input, forage based feed, some resistance to worms and lameness

TYPES OF GOAT HERD (2 main divisions w diff types within these)

LARGER HERDS: - dairy - meat - fibre PET/HOBBY HERDS

management: 10 routine procedures

SHEARING DAGGING (flystrike) CASTRATION (e.g. red deer – may make easier to manage overtly aggressive males) SHEEP TAIL DOCKING VACCINATION FAECAL EGG COUNTS (+ drenching for anthelmintics) DIPPING/FLY CONTROL (prevent flystrike) FOOTCARE (prev measure) BCS/WEIGHING (ADULTS ONLY) TUPPING

deer husbandry: 2 types of setting

park setting (classed as wild, not housed/weaned/antlers not removed) farm setting (conventional agricultural practices)

camelid shearing: - when - why - restraint position - fleece value

- Annually in May/June - Allows regrowth for when cools in september - Laid onto side with feet trussed and someone supporting head - usually high value

camelids blood sampling - where? NEEDLE SIZE

jugular vein (right ONLY - left = neuro damage) cephalic and saphenous okay too needle size : 18 or 19G

camelids SC injection - where?

skin fold at axilla or cranial to shoulder

camelids IM injection - where? (3)

quadriceps semitendinous/semimembranous triceps

camelid first mating when?

at least 60% adult bw (16-18 months)

breeding - see onenote table

breeding: define fecundity

no of young produced per female mated

breeding: define fertility

no of ewes lambed per ewe mated (or goat kidded etc)

what should the ratio of ram:ewes be

1:50 (ball park)

at what age are rams suitable to be served?

6 months

assisted breeding: (?)

- sponges (impregnated with progesterone) - ram/boar effect (fem isolated from males, intro male, induces oestrus and synchroninity) - melatonin implants (breed out of season) - AI (sheep = laproscopic, goats = cervical) - embryo transfer - semen collection (artifical vagina/electroejaculation)

pregnancy diagnosis:

- lack of heat - ultrasound - abdominal palpation - test on milk (?) oestrus sulphate - camelids spitting off

what is crucial in last 6 weeks of pregnancy? - why

NUTRITION - to cope w 80% foetal growth - development of mammary tissue - reduction in VFI (voluntary food intake) - as rumen capacity reduced

camelids: main diseases - uterine - ovarian

Main uterine disease: endometritis Main ovarian diseases: hypoplasia; follicular cysts; persistent corpora lutea

artificial rearing of lambs: - remove which lamb from litter? - feed - what and how? - wean when?

- strongest - milk replacer in correct conc (bottle/automatic feeder), offer pellets and hay after week (ideally before) - >30days and >10kg (MINIMUM VALUES)

LAMBS: finish (ready for slaughter) at what weight?

half adult weight (around 40kg)

NORMAL PARAMETERS - MOODLE SHEET

saleable products: general categories

- meat - milk - fibre - skin

saleable products: sheep

- lamb/mutton - milk/cheese fibre - wool skin - sheepskin

saleable products: goat

meat: goat/kid milk: milk/cheese fibre: mohair (angora) / cashmere skin: leather

saleable products: deer

meat: venison milk: N/A fibre: N/A (???) skin: skins/leather

saleable products: camelid

meat: not in UK milk: n/a fibre: alpaca/llama fibre skin: skins/leather

define 'SHORT DAY polyoestrus' - which animals?

sexually active in winter (born in spring), multiple cycles of estrous a year - sheep, goats, deer (other camelids are just 'polyoestrus'?)