Small Notes Flashcards
what 3 toxins can show seizures in response to external stimuli
strychnine, roquefortine and pyrethroid insecticides
pathognomonic sign for strychnine toxicity
intermittent tonic convulsions with response to external stimuli
smell of metaldehyde in stomach contents
apple cider
pathognomonic sign of fluoroacetate in dogs
running fits between intermittent tonic clonic convulsions
zinc phosphide sign
distinct liver damage
thallium (old metal based rodenticide) sign
brick red MM, tonic clonic
pyrethroid insecticides
like organophosphate but no muscarinic signs
cyanide sign
cherry red blood, tonic clonic convulsions, dyspnea
blue-green algae signs
CNS signs, convulsions, dyspnea
ANTU sign
massive pulmonary edema
nitrate signs
methemoglobin, tonic clonic convulsion, chocolate brown blood
compost signs
produce microtoxins – tremors and shakes
inorganic arsenic
severe gut damage and neuro signs
organic arsenic
CNS signs but continue to eat
inorganic mercury
GI and neuro signs
organic mercury
CNS signs but continue to eat
how do you differentiate urea from nitrite toxicity
urea will have elevated rumen pH; nitrite will have chocolate brown blood
what are the convulsions like with metaldehyde
continuous tonic clonic
smell with cyanide toxicity
bitter almond smell
stance often seen with urea toxicity
saw-horse stance
diagnosis of chronic copper poisoning
chocolate brown blood (methemoglobin) and liver damage
causes of hemolysis
chronic copper, zinc, chlorates, phenothiazine, canola/mustard plants, red maple, onion, copper
causes of liver damage
chronic copper, zinc, phenothiazine, pyrollizidine alkaloids, aflatoxin, iron, acetaminophen
causes of methemoglobin
chronic copper, chlorates, nitrites, drugs (acetaminophen), benzocaine derivatives (lidocaine, esp. cats), red maple (horse)
causes of emaciation
Mo toxicity, selenium, fluoride, PCBs, ergot
causes of diarrhea
Mo, arsenic, salt
causes of bone problems
Mo, fluoride, lead, cadmium
causes of sudden death
nitrate-nitrite, organophosphate-carbamate insecticides, organochlorine insecticides, urea, cyanide, chlorate, metals (lead, mercury, arsenic, copper), water hemock, death camas, strychnine, ANTU, fluoroacetate, metaldehyde, blue-green algae
causes of sudden death in healthy dog with history of seizures
strychnine, metaldehyde, fluoroacetate, zinc phosphide, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organophosphate/carbamate insecticides, pyrethrins, lead, fluoride, carbon monoxide, requefortine, thallium, cyanide, blue-green algae, compost
causes of bleeding
anticoagulant rodenticide, dicoumarol, bracken fern, radiation, mycotoxins (aflatoxin, T-2), pyrrolizidine alkaloids, vitamin E (mega dose)
causes of pulmonary edema/dyspnea
organophosphate/carbamate insecticides (bronchoconstriction), urea, ammonia gas, hydrogen sulfide gas, PCB’s, monensin, cyanide, blue-green algae, nitrite, anticoagulant rodenticides, ANTU
causes of cardiovascular disease
selenium toxicity, grain overload, monensin, gossypol (cottonseed meal), ethylene glycol, botulism, vitamin E/Se deficiency, clenbuterol, neurogenic myopathies
causes of CNS excitation
salt poisoning, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organophosphate/carbamate insecticides, lead, strychnine, fluoracetate, arsenic, mercury, zinc phosphide, blue-green algae, pyrethrins
causes of running fits
fluoroacetate. sometimes seen in zinc phosphide
causes of severe GIT manifestations, shock and death
acute copper, inorganic arsenic, inorganic mercury, cadmium, lead, lincomycin
causes of convulsions in dog
lead, organophosphate/carbamate insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons (organochlorines), urea, strychnine, salt, metaldehyde, fluoroacetate, zinc phosphide, roquefortine, thallium, pyrethroid insecticides, cyanide, blue-green algae, ANTU, nitrite/nitrate, compost, plants (water hemlock, death camas)
causes of kidney damage
oxalates, oak, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury
causes of kidney damage
oxalates, oak, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury
effect of lincomycin
destroys gut microflora leading to C. difficile overgrowth
treatment of zinc toxicity
heparin or dicoumarol
treatment of mercury in pets
BAL (chelator)
what is best to analyze for strychnine
stomach contents
what is best to analyze for strychnine
stomach contents
what position do animals have when poisoned with ANTU
dog sitting position
diagnosis of CN poisoning
measurement of cyanhemoglobin in heparinized blood
