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Toxicology > Small Notes > Flashcards

Small Notes Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 toxins can show seizures in response to external stimuli

A

strychnine, roquefortine and pyrethroid insecticides

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2
Q

pathognomonic sign for strychnine toxicity

A

intermittent tonic convulsions with response to external stimuli

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3
Q

smell of metaldehyde in stomach contents

A

apple cider

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4
Q

pathognomonic sign of fluoroacetate in dogs

A

running fits between intermittent tonic clonic convulsions

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5
Q

zinc phosphide sign

A

distinct liver damage

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6
Q

thallium (old metal based rodenticide) sign

A

brick red MM, tonic clonic

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7
Q

pyrethroid insecticides

A

like organophosphate but no muscarinic signs

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8
Q

cyanide sign

A

cherry red blood, tonic clonic convulsions, dyspnea

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9
Q

blue-green algae signs

A

CNS signs, convulsions, dyspnea

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10
Q

ANTU sign

A

massive pulmonary edema

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11
Q

nitrate signs

A

methemoglobin, tonic clonic convulsion, chocolate brown blood

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12
Q

compost signs

A

produce microtoxins – tremors and shakes

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13
Q

inorganic arsenic

A

severe gut damage and neuro signs

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14
Q

organic arsenic

A

CNS signs but continue to eat

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15
Q

inorganic mercury

A

GI and neuro signs

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16
Q

organic mercury

A

CNS signs but continue to eat

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17
Q

how do you differentiate urea from nitrite toxicity

A

urea will have elevated rumen pH; nitrite will have chocolate brown blood

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18
Q

what are the convulsions like with metaldehyde

A

continuous tonic clonic

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19
Q

smell with cyanide toxicity

A

bitter almond smell

20
Q

stance often seen with urea toxicity

A

saw-horse stance

21
Q

diagnosis of chronic copper poisoning

A

chocolate brown blood (methemoglobin) and liver damage

22
Q

causes of hemolysis

A

chronic copper, zinc, chlorates, phenothiazine, canola/mustard plants, red maple, onion, copper

23
Q

causes of liver damage

A

chronic copper, zinc, phenothiazine, pyrollizidine alkaloids, aflatoxin, iron, acetaminophen

24
Q

causes of methemoglobin

A

chronic copper, chlorates, nitrites, drugs (acetaminophen), benzocaine derivatives (lidocaine, esp. cats), red maple (horse)

25
Q

causes of emaciation

A

Mo toxicity, selenium, fluoride, PCBs, ergot

26
Q

causes of diarrhea

A

Mo, arsenic, salt

27
Q

causes of bone problems

A

Mo, fluoride, lead, cadmium

28
Q

causes of sudden death

A

nitrate-nitrite, organophosphate-carbamate insecticides, organochlorine insecticides, urea, cyanide, chlorate, metals (lead, mercury, arsenic, copper), water hemock, death camas, strychnine, ANTU, fluoroacetate, metaldehyde, blue-green algae

29
Q

causes of sudden death in healthy dog with history of seizures

A

strychnine, metaldehyde, fluoroacetate, zinc phosphide, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organophosphate/carbamate insecticides, pyrethrins, lead, fluoride, carbon monoxide, requefortine, thallium, cyanide, blue-green algae, compost

30
Q

causes of bleeding

A

anticoagulant rodenticide, dicoumarol, bracken fern, radiation, mycotoxins (aflatoxin, T-2), pyrrolizidine alkaloids, vitamin E (mega dose)

31
Q

causes of pulmonary edema/dyspnea

A

organophosphate/carbamate insecticides (bronchoconstriction), urea, ammonia gas, hydrogen sulfide gas, PCB’s, monensin, cyanide, blue-green algae, nitrite, anticoagulant rodenticides, ANTU

32
Q

causes of cardiovascular disease

A

selenium toxicity, grain overload, monensin, gossypol (cottonseed meal), ethylene glycol, botulism, vitamin E/Se deficiency, clenbuterol, neurogenic myopathies

33
Q

causes of CNS excitation

A

salt poisoning, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organophosphate/carbamate insecticides, lead, strychnine, fluoracetate, arsenic, mercury, zinc phosphide, blue-green algae, pyrethrins

34
Q

causes of running fits

A

fluoroacetate. sometimes seen in zinc phosphide

35
Q

causes of severe GIT manifestations, shock and death

A

acute copper, inorganic arsenic, inorganic mercury, cadmium, lead, lincomycin

36
Q

causes of convulsions in dog

A

lead, organophosphate/carbamate insecticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons (organochlorines), urea, strychnine, salt, metaldehyde, fluoroacetate, zinc phosphide, roquefortine, thallium, pyrethroid insecticides, cyanide, blue-green algae, ANTU, nitrite/nitrate, compost, plants (water hemlock, death camas)

37
Q

causes of kidney damage

A

oxalates, oak, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury

38
Q

causes of kidney damage

A

oxalates, oak, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury

39
Q

effect of lincomycin

A

destroys gut microflora leading to C. difficile overgrowth

40
Q

treatment of zinc toxicity

A

heparin or dicoumarol

41
Q

treatment of mercury in pets

A

BAL (chelator)

42
Q

what is best to analyze for strychnine

A

stomach contents

43
Q

what is best to analyze for strychnine

A

stomach contents

44
Q

what position do animals have when poisoned with ANTU

A

dog sitting position

45
Q

diagnosis of CN poisoning

A

measurement of cyanhemoglobin in heparinized blood

Toxicology (4 decks)

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