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GI Week 2 > Small Intestine, Pancreas, Gallbladder Histology > Flashcards

Small Intestine, Pancreas, Gallbladder Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A
  • Complete digestion of food

- Absorb final products of digestion

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2
Q

Layers of small intestine wall?

A
  • Serosa
  • Adventitia
  • Supporting wall
  • Submucosa
  • Mucosa
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3
Q

What is a main feature of the small intestine?

A

Plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring)

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4
Q

What are the Plicae circulares?

A
  • Prominent circular folds in duodenum and upper jejunum
  • Disappear in ileum
  • May increase surface area by a factor of 3
  • Folds of submucosa lined by mucosa
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5
Q

What are the four main layers of the small intestine?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Serosa
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6
Q

What makes up the small intestine mucosa?

A
  • Villi
  • Distinct muscularis mucosae
  • Plicae circulares: mucosal folds with a submucosal core
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7
Q

What makes up the small intestine submucosa?

A
  • Forms core of plicae circulares
  • Larger blood vessels and lymph vessels
  • Submucosa nerve poleax with post-ganglionic cell bodies
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8
Q

What makes up the small intestine muscularis extern?

A

Two layers of smooth muscle:

  • Inner circular layer
  • Outer longitudinal layer
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9
Q

What makes up the small intestine serosa?

A

Connective tissue covered by mesothelium

-Except in regions that are retroperitoneal (parts of duodenum have adventitia)

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10
Q

What are the two types of epithelium in the mucosa of the small intestine?

A
  • Villus

- Crypt

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11
Q

What is Villus epithelium?

A

Simple columnar

  • Absorptive columnar cells (aka enterocyte)
  • Goblet cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
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12
Q

What is Crypt epithelium?

A

Simple columnar

  • Absorptive columnar cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • Paneth cells (bacterocidal/bacterolytic)
  • Undifferentiated cells (stem cells, mitotic)
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13
Q

What does the Lamina propria of the small intestine contain?

A
  • Forms c.t. core of each villus
  • Contains a central lymphatic vessel (lacteal)
  • Capillaries and venules present
  • Very cellular connective tissue: Lymphocytes, eosinophils, plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, smooth muscle cells, etc.
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14
Q

What does the Muscularis mucosae of the small intestine contain?

A
  • Smooth muscle cells in lamina propria reach down into muscularis mucosae
  • Delineates separation of mucosa from submucosa
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15
Q

What are the properties of the Intestinal villi of the small intestine?

A
  • Project into lumen of small intestine
  • Core of lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosae does NOT extend into villus
  • Increases surface area for digestion and absorption
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16
Q

What are the Crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal glands)?

A
  • Open at base of villi
  • Extend to muscularis mucosae
  • Paneth cells at base of crypts
  • Many mitotic cells present
  • -Cell turnover every 3-6 days
  • –Cells migrate to tips of villi where they are shed
17
Q

What are the different cells of the small intestine?

A
  • Absorptive columnar cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • Paneth cells
  • Undifferentiated (stem) cells
18
Q

What is the main histologic feature of the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands

19
Q

What do Brunner’s glands do?

A
  • Secrete an alkaline mucus (pH 8.1-9.3) into lumen of duodenum; neutralizes acid chyme arriving from stomach
  • Glands are located in submucosa and lamina propria
20
Q

What are other features of the duodenum?

A
  • Brunner’s glands
  • Many plicae circulares
  • Adventitia present
21
Q

What is the main histologic feature of the ileum?

A

Peyer’s Patches

22
Q

Plicae =

A

Folds of submucosa

23
Q

Villi =

A

Lined with all mucosal layer

24
Q

What are the histologic features of the ileum?

A
  • Peyer’s patches
  • Plicae very sparse or absent
  • Goblet cells are increasing in numbers
25
Q

What are the features of Peyer’s Patches?

A
  • Aggregates of lymphatic nodules
  • M-cells: in epithelium above patches
  • -Endocytose antigen and transport it to underlying lymphatic tissue
  • Provide precursors of intestinal plasma cells that produce IgA
26
Q

What are features of Tight Junctions?

A
  • In columnar epithelial cells:
  • Compartmentalize membrane proteins
  • Require materials to be absorbed to first enter the absorptive cell
27
Q

What are features of the Pancreas?

A
  • Exocrine and endocrine gland
  • Looks similar to parotid in some respects
  • Produces ~1200 ml of digestive juice daily
28
Q

What is the Pancreatic Duct System?

A
  • Excretory duct
  • Intralobular duct
  • Intercalated duct
29
Q

What are secretory alveoli?

A
  • Entirely serous
  • -Cytological features of secretory cells
  • -Zymogen granules
30
Q

What is the importance of Zymogen granules in secretory alveoli serum?

A
  • Basis for eosinophilic staining of apical cytoplasm
  • Contain enzyme precursors (proenzymes)
  • -Trypsinogen; chymotrypsinogen; proelastases; procarboxypeptidases; lipolytic enzymes (lipases); alpha-amylases; nucleases
31
Q

What are the functions of the gallbladder?

A
  • Reservoir for bile
  • Concentrates bile
  • Releases bile to duodenum
32
Q

What is the gallbladder attached to?

A

Attached by cystic duct to common bile duct

33
Q

Pancreas vs. Parotid?

A
  • Capsule (very prominent in parotid, less clear in pancreas)
  • Connective tissue amount (less in pancreas)
  • Fat cells (not as much in pancreas)
  • Striated ducts (distinct in parotid gland)
  • Centro-acinar cells (pancreas only)
  • Islets of Langerhans (pancreas only)
34
Q

What are the three main histologic layers of the gallbladder?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Adventitia (near liver) or serosa
35
Q

What makes up the mucosa of the gallbladder?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium (tall)

- Lamina propria

36
Q

What makes up the Lamina propria of the mucosa of the gallbladder?

A
  • Loose c.t.

- Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

GI Week 2 (9 decks)

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