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GI y1 > small intestine > Flashcards

small intestine Flashcards

1
Q

what vitamins are absorbed in the jejunum

A

D, E, A,K - these are all fat soluble

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2
Q

whats absorber un the duodenum

A

calcium, iron and magnesium

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3
Q

whats absorbed in the terminal ileum

A

bile salts and vitamin B12 (intrinsic factor for absorption, used in making RBC)

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4
Q

whats absorbed in the colon

A

short chain fatty acids

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5
Q

what is used to absorb glucose and galactose

A

sodium cotransporter

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6
Q

which vitamin needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed

A

B12

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7
Q

vomiting reflex

A

detected by vagal aferent nerve to the medulla oblongata
mechanism:
- phrenic nerve contracts diaphragm
- vagus nerve causes duodenum and pylorus to contract
- antrum contracts and UOS and LOS relax
- pressure increase forces stomach contents out

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8
Q

what does GI mucus act as

A

bicarbonate barrier, made up of mucin glycopeptides that’s used to trap water, bicarbonate and pathogens from entering the cells

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9
Q

what do GI prostaglandins do

A

stimulate the release of bicarbonate, inhibit histamine and HCl release, and maintain mucosal blood flow and epithelial restitution

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10
Q

peyer’s patch

A

tiny lymph nodes that keep intestinal flora at an appropriate level to stop pathogens and prevent infections

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11
Q

what are M cells

A

found in peyer’s patches and in the ileum and aggregate into little lymphoid tissues

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12
Q

umami

A
  • found in foods with L-amino acids, mono sodium glutamate
  • uses TIR1 and TIR3
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13
Q

sweet

A
  • uses TIR2 and TIR3
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14
Q

bitter

A
  • uses T2R
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15
Q

saltiness

A
  • uses ENaC
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16
Q

what is the main immunological gut defence against foreign pathogens

A

IgA secretion

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17
Q

functions of saliva

A
  • tooth maintenance
  • lubrication
  • antifungal/antimicrobial
  • digestive
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18
Q

innervation of submandibular and sublingual glands

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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19
Q

innervation of parotid gland

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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20
Q

salivary gland secretions

A

parotid - mostly serous
submandibular - mix of serous and mucosal
sublingual - mostly mucosal

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21
Q

what stimulates saliva production

A

mastication
taste
smell
anticipation

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22
Q

what inhibits saliva production

A

fear
vomiting

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23
Q

what do acinar cells secrete

A

IgA

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24
Q

layers of GI tract (deep to superficial)

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa (contains submucosal plexus)
  3. muscularis (circular muscle, myenteric plexus, longitudinal muscle)
  4. serosa (visceral peritoneum)
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25
Q

what do mucous/epithelial cells secrete

A

mucous
bicarbonate
gastric lipase

26
Q

what do cheif cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

27
Q

what do parietal cells secrete

A

HCl, intrinsic factor

28
Q

what do G-cells secrete

A

gastrin

29
Q

what do D-cells secrete

A

somatostatin

30
Q

cephalic phase

A
  • upon smelling/seeing/anticipating food, a large amount of gastric acid will be released ror a short amount of time
31
Q

gastric phase

A
  • stomach received bolus and distends, results in receptive relaxation to accommodate the food
  • stomach detects peptides and amino acids by chemoreceptors, stomach releases more acid to compensate
32
Q

intestinal phase

A
  • duodenal cells can also detect stretch and the acidity of chyme - G cells in duodenum. an release gastrin to act on stomach parietal cells
33
Q

migrating myoelectric complex phases (cleaning gut from residual contents)

A
  1. quiescent - no activities ongoing
  2. initiates random contractions
  3. burst of contractions (max amplitude and duration)
  4. rapid decrease of contraction
34
Q

cholecystokinin

A
  • made in duodenal I cells
  • secreted due to fats and proteins
  • act on acinar cells in pancreas, gallbladder and vagal afferent neurones
35
Q

function of cholecystokinin

A
  • digestive enzyme release
  • gallbladder contracts, releasing bile
  • inhibit food intake and induces satiety
36
Q

gastrin

A
  • made in G cells of stomach antrum
  • secreted due to stomach distension and Ach release
  • act on ECL to activate parietal cells
37
Q

functions of gastrin

A
  • histamine release
  • HCl release
38
Q

histamine

A
  • made in stomach - ECL cells
  • secreted due to gastrin simulation and Ach release
  • acts on parietal cells in stomach
39
Q

function of histamine

A

HCl release

40
Q

somatostatin

A
  • made in D cells in islets of pancreas and stomach pylorus duodenum
  • secreted due to food in stomach - sympathetic stimuli
  • act on - parietal cells in stomach, ECL, G cells, gallbladder, small intestine, exocrine cells in pancreas
41
Q

functions of somatostatin

A

decrease HCl, histamine, gastrin, bicarbonate release, GB contractions and bile release, stops GI blood flow and absorption

42
Q

secretin

A
  • made in S cells in duodenum
  • se feted due to low pH of chyme
  • act on ductal cells of pancreas, parietal cells in stomach
43
Q

function of secretin

A
  • bicarbonate release, stops HCl release
44
Q

gastric inhibitory peptide

A
  • made in K cells in duodenum and jejunum
  • secreted due to fatty chyme
  • act on B cells in pancreas
45
Q

function of GIP

A

insulin secretion

46
Q

glucagon like peptide

A
  • made in L cells in duodenum
  • secreted due to fat and protein in duodenum
  • act on B cells in pancreas
47
Q

functions of GLP

A
  • insulin secretion
  • inhibits food intake, induces satiety
48
Q

peptide YY

A
  • made in L cells in ileum and colon
  • secreted after food ingestion
  • acts in intestines
49
Q

functions of peptide YY

A
  • increase water absorption
  • inhibits gastric motility
    -increases efficiency of digestion
50
Q

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

A
  • made in enteric neurones
  • act on parietal and chief cells in the stomach, the pancreas and intestine
51
Q

function of VIP

A
  • stops HCl release
  • pepsinogen release
  • increase secretion of water in juice
52
Q

motilin

A
  • made in duodenum
  • secreted due to fasting
  • act on duodenum
53
Q

functions of motilin

A
  • increase gastric motility
  • starts migrating motor complex
54
Q

the myenteric plexus is located i between which 2 layers of the GI tract wall

A

circular muscle and longitudinal muscle

55
Q

what results in increased gastric secretions

A

pepsis and amino acids in stomach lumen

56
Q

what neurotransmitter is responsible for the relaxation of the gut lumen during peristalsis

A

NO

57
Q

what cranial nerve senses distension in the gut lumen via baroreceptors and send signals to CNS via afferent nerve fibres

A

vagus (CN VII)

58
Q

what does the coeliac trunk supply - T12

A

foregut : lower oesophagus, stomach, first 1/2 duodenum

59
Q

what does the superior mesenteric artery supply - L1

A

midgut : last 1/2 duodenum to 2/3 transverse colon

60
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply - L3

A

hindgut : last 1/3 transverse colon to rectum

GI y1 (5 decks)

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