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Year 2 Veterinary Public HEalth > Small Animal Zoonosis > Flashcards

Small Animal Zoonosis Flashcards

1
Q

Define ZOONOSIS

A

Animals - Humans

i.e. it normally exists in animals (reservoir) but can infect humans

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2
Q

Define Anthropozoonosis

A

Same as zoonosis - Animals to Humans

i.e. it normally exists in animals (reservoir) but can infect humans

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3
Q

Define Reverse zoonosis/ zooanthroponosis

A

Humans (reservoir) to Animals

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4
Q

Why are zoonosis important to you as a vet?

A
  • Responsibility to companion animals
  • Responsibility to owners
  • Responsibility for your own health
  • Size of pet population in the UK
  • Relationship people have with their pets
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5
Q

What are our responsibilities to companion animals as vets?

A
  • Recognition
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Control
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6
Q

What are our responsibilities to owners as vets?

A
  • Recognition of a zoonosis
  • Communicate risk, especially to those most vulnerable
  • Advise on: control and prevention
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7
Q

Who are the most vulnerable to zoonosis humans

A

o Immunocompromised
o Pregnant
o Children <5
o Adults > 65

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8
Q

What is our responsibility to yourself?

A

• Occupational risk if work with animals
• Reported zoonoses in vets between 16.7-64%
Need to be aware of zoonosis

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9
Q

How are zoonosis spread?

A
  • Aerosol
  • Direct contact
  • Indirect contact
  • Vector Borne
  • Foodborne

Many can be spread via multiple routes

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10
Q

Aerosol
How occurs?
Prevention?

A

Small particles or droplets in the air.
Inhaled by a host or deposited onto mucous membranes
Prevention by preventing close contact, face masks

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11
Q

DIRECT CONTACT

A

• Contact with the body fluids of an infected animal.
o petting or touching animals
o bite
o scratch.

Transmission occurs when infectious agent carried in body fluids opens wounds, mucous membranes or skin

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12
Q

Indirect contact

A

Coming into contact with places or things that have been contaminated
• Aquarium tank water
• Places in the home which pets have access to
• Places (e.g. soil/litter tray) where animals might have urinated/defecated
• Pet food/water dishes

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13
Q

VECTOR BORNE

A

Bitten by e.g. tick, mosquito or flea that transmits the zoonotic disease from an animal.

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14
Q

Food Borne

A
  • Eating/drinking something that is contaminated
  • Particularly relevant to large animal zoonoses lectures
  • Also relevant to companion animal zoonoses
  • Pets in close proximity to food in the home
  • Pets also have access to areas where fruit & vegetables grow
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15
Q

What bacteria is transmitted in cat scratch? what form of contact?

A
  1. direct contact - scratch or bite

2. Bartonella bacterium

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16
Q

What groups to zoonosis of companion animals come under?

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Parasites - nematodes, protazoa, cestodes
17
Q

List viruses that are companion animal zoonoses

A
  1. Cow pox
  2. Hantaviruses
  3. Influenza
  4. Louping Ill
  5. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
  6. Orf
  7. Rabies
18
Q

Cowpox

A

Viral companion animal zoonoses
Transmitted in rats, seen in cats
Direct

19
Q

Hantaviruses

A

o Rodents “rodentistry”
o Transmission - indirect/ aerosol
o Symptoms: fatigue, fever and muscle aches, headaches, dizziness, chills, and abdominal problems, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
o Prevention/Control - no specific treatment, cure, or vaccine for hantavirus infection.
o Biomedical model - hygiene
o But, owner risk model (Robin et al, 2017)

20
Q

Influenza

A

Various strains adn species

Direct/ indirect

21
Q

Louping Ill

A

Mainly sheep, also dogs

Vector

22
Q

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV )

A

Rodents

direct

23
Q

Orf

A

Primarily sheep and goats, but reported in dogs and cats

Direct

24
Q

Rabies

A

o Notifiable disease
o DEFRA
o direct

25
Q

List bacterial zoonoses of companion animals

A

§ Anthrax – occasionally dogs: direct/ ingestion/ inhalation spores
§ Campylobacter spp. – many species, indirect
§ Cat scratch disease (Bartonella Henselae) – cats, direct
§ E coli – many species, indirect
§ Leptospirosis  vaccinations are readily available so shouldn’t be an issue – dogs and rodents, direct
§ Mycobacteria spp. – occasionally fish cats and dogs, direct
§ Pasteurellosis – dogs and cats, direct
§ Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci) – birds, direct/ aerosol
§ Q fever (Coxiella burnetti) – occasionally cats – direct/ indirect/ aerosol
§ Rat bite fever (Streptobacillus moniliformis) – rodents (dogs and cats) – direct/ indirect
§ Salmonella, many species, indirect

26
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens and examples?

A

Bacteria that aren’t always pathogenic don’t always cause disease
• Campylobacter
• Salmonella
• E.coli
These 3 cause Gastro intestinal disease in companion animals and human when cause illness

27
Q

CAMPYLOBACTER:

A
  • The most common infectious bacterial diarrhoeal pathogen in humans in the UK
  • ‘Opportunistic’ pathogen
  • Usually not pathogenic but can be under some circumstances
  • Food borne most common - Poultry, contaminated milk, water
  • Up to half of all dogs and cats may excrete, likely to be asymptomatic
  • Also reported in ‘exotic’ pets (ferrets, hamsters etc.)
  • Transmission to people – faecal, oral transmission so control is hygiene
  • Indirect transmission
  • Careful with vulnerable groups: immunocompromised, under 5, over 65, pregnant
28
Q

Salmonella

A

• Opportunistic
• Food borne most common transmission
• Carried by healthy animals – reservoir (carry without showing symptoms of infection
• Dogs, cats & reptiles – turtles, lizards, snakes, frogs etc – leave salmonella traces in through house if left to free-reign, faeces.
o 10-100% reptiles can shed it
• High incidence in young children  due to them testing things with mouths etc
• Outbreak linked to feeder mice

29
Q

E.COLI/VTEC/STEC O157:

A

Opportunistic
• Fewer cases than salmonella but still sign public health concern sue to severity of disease
• Main reservoir ruminants
• Also seen in dogs & cats, symptoms diarrhoea but can be asymptomatic
• Recent outbreak linked to raw pet food
Prevention & control (personal hygiene and prevention of faecal-oral transmission

30
Q

CAT SCRATCH DISEASE

A

• 1/3 of cats can carry Bartonella
• More common in younger cats who are asymptomatic
can cause systemic illness in humans
• Infected from fleas OR through scratching themselves due to fleas OR scratches from other cats during fights
• Most cats asymptomatic
• Control = Wash scratches and bites immediately and thoroughly
• Prevent = Control fleas, Don’t play rough

31
Q

Common fungal zoonoses of companion animals

A

Dermatophytosis - Ringworm
• Indirect, many species
• Most likely in practise to see in dogs and cats

o Microsporum spp.
o Tricophyton spp.
o M. canis
o > 60% dog cases
o >90% cat cases
o Via indirect contact – spores can survive for a long time in the environment
• Aspergillus spp.
• More common in younger animals
• More common in catteries, close contact and stress
• Persian cats and jackrussels are more predisponsed
• Control – washing, hygiene, don’t share towel with cats

32
Q

Parasites subspecies

A
  1. Nematodes
  2. Cestodes
  3. Protazoa
33
Q

Nematode zoonoses in companion animals

A

Toxocara canis:
Direct contact
• Common infection in dogs: ingest infectious eggs, pups milk/ placenta, eat rabbit carrying parasite
• ‘makes children go blind’
• Migration in tissue
• Human infection unlikely (accidental host)
• Hygiene
• Regular worm treatment add worming in pregnancy eliminate toxocara in pets
Wash hands after gardening adn playing in soil/ sand. Prevent kids eating soil and sand

34
Q

Cestode zoonoses in companion animals

A

Echinococcus granulosus: TAPE worm
WHO priority as common in other countries
• Dogs (definitive host)
• Sheep, goats, pigs (intermediate host)
- both needed for lifecycle to be completed
Dogs infected by eating cycts on organs of intermediate host, sheep by eating eggs from definitive
• Humans – accidental host: infected by indirect contact, faecal oral transmission
• Cysts common lung and liver
PREVENTION:
• Prevent dogs getting access to infected material
• Meat inspection abattoirs
• Remove carcasses from pastures
• Don’t feed dogs raw meat
• Prevent shedding of eggs from dogs
-Worming
• Prevent ingestion of eggs by humans: hygeine

35
Q

Protazoa zoonoses in companion animals

A

• Toxoplasma gondii
o Cats definitive host
o Cats infected directly or by ingesting e.g. birds & rodents (intermediate hosts)
o Humans infected but accidental host
o Undercooked meat
o Contaminated food
o Contact with cat faeces (soil, litter tray)
Cover sand pits to stop cats using as litter tray
Stop cats eating raw meat

Can cause miscarriage or still birth in pregnant women.
Preg women shouldn’t handle cat faeces at all

Year 2 Veterinary Public HEalth (6 decks)

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