Small Animal Surgery

Question 1

During a major surgical procedure , the surgical team is attired in wraparound gowns to maintain a sterile environment. Which of the following area of the gown is non-sterile?
A.Mid-chest to waist
B.From gloved hand to 2 inches above the elbow
C.The back
D.The sleeves

Answer 1

The back

Question 2

You are a veterinarian preparing to perform a surgical procedure on a dog. you want to ensure that the surgical site is properly disinfected to reduce the risk of infection. you reach for a bottle of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) solution. what is the primary mechanism by which CHG exerts its antimicrobial effects against microorganisms, allowing you to effectively disinfect the surgical site?
A.Disruption of cell walls and precipitation of cell proteins
B.Oxidation and replacement of microbial contents with free
element
C.Inactivation of enzymes and disruption of cell membranes
D.Binding to keratin and inactivation of viral particles

Answer 2

Disruption of cell walls and precipitation of cell proteins

Question 3

A patient undergoes a surgical procedure to repair a traumatic wound with devitalized tissue and a foreign body. Which classification is most appropriate for this wound?
a.Clean
b.Clean-Contaminated
c. Contaminated
d. Dirty

Answer 3

Dirty

Question 4

Which type of hemostatic forceps is designed for jaw clamping, and what is the significance of its longitudinally oriented serrations?
a.Halsted mosquito forceps, to prevent slippage of the
instrument.
b.Rochester-Carmalt forceps, to enhance grip, control and
prevent accidental laceration of blood vessels
c. Kelly forceps, to dissect tissue
d. Crile forceps, to grasp tissue

Answer 4

Rochester-Carmalt forceps, to enhance grip, control and prevent accidental laceration of blood vessels

Question 5

Most surgical dehiscence occur during the “lag phase” of the wound healing that’s why owners are advised to have their pet activity restricted at this period. Which of the following represents the number of days after this phase usually occurs?
a.0-1 days
b.3-5 days
c.6-9 days
d.10-14 days

Answer 5

3-5 days

Question 6

Second intention healing occurs when which of the following?
a.Wound edges are surgically apposed and sutured at the
time of wound creation
b.A contaminated wound is treated as an open wound for
2-5 days, then closed before granulation tissue forms
c.The wound is treated as an open wound for more than 5
days then closed after granulation, epithelialization, and
wound contracture
d.Healing is allowed to progress without direct surgical
intervention and occurs via granulation, epithelialization
and wound contracture

Answer 6

Healing is allowed to progress without direct surgical intervention and occurs via granulation, epithelialization
and wound contracture

Question 7

Which of the following is the most appropriate suture pattern for closing a large skin laceration with uneven edges wound in a dog?
a.Simple continuous pattern
b.Simple interrupted pattern
c.Subcutaneous continuous pattern
d.Cushing/Connel suture pattern

Answer 7

Simple interrupted pattern

Question 8

During a complex surgical procedure, a 3-year-old cat requires an emergency laparotomy due to a ruptured intestine. The surgical team is in chaos, and a critical decision needs to be made regarding the best course of action. Who should take charge and lead the team in this situation?
a. Veterinary Nurse (RNVA)
b.Veterinary Anesthesiologist Specialist
c. Veterinarian (Surgeon)
d. Surgical Supervisor

Answer 8

Veterinarian (Surgeon)

Question 9

During a dental surgery, a 25 kg male Labrador experiences sudden epistaxis (nosebleed) from the right nostril. The Veterinary Dentist requests a topical haemostatic agent to control the bleeding. Which of the following would you apply to the affected nostril ?
a. Epinephrine
b.Tranexamic acid
c. Tourniquet
d.Surgical sponge

Answer 9

Epinephrine

Question 10

A 25 kg Female greyhound is being prepared for a surgery. The surgical vet reckons it needs a surgical fluid rate of 10ml/kg/hr . The clinic has no fluid pump. What is the appropriate drops per second (dps) rate of the fluid over 2 hours using a 15-drop/mL administration set?
a. 1 drop/s
b.2 drops/s
c. 3 drops/s
d. 4 drops/s

Answer 10

1 drop/s

Question 11

You are performing CPR on a 7-year-old Poodle that has gone into cardiac arrest during a routine surgery. You have been doing chest compressions and rescue breaths for the past 5 minutes. Which of these signs indicates that the CPR is being effective?
a. Eyes have dilated
b.Tail has started wagging
c. Increase in heart rate
d. Femoral pulse has returned

Answer 11

Femoral pulse has returned

Question 12

You are a veterinarian discussing pain management options with the owner of a 10-year-old German Shepherd, Max, who is undergoing surgery for a ruptured cruciate ligament. The owner is concerned about Max’s post-operative pain and asks about the best way to manage it. You explain that using a single pain medication may not be enough to ensure Max’s comfort and that a combination of drugs would be more effective. What term do you use to describe this approach?
a. Multimodal analgesia
b.Balanced analgesia
c. Mixed analgesia
d.Complementary analgesia

Answer 12

Multimodal analgesia

Question 13

You are assigned to be veterinary anesthetist for the day and preparing for a surgery on a 3-month-old puppy. You need to choose an appropriate anesthetic circuit for the procedure. Considering the patient’s small size and age, which type of anesthetic circuit would you select?
a. Circle system
b.Semi-closed system
c. Closed system
d. Ayre’s T-piece

Answer 13

Ayre’s T-piece

Question 14

Proper closure of midline abdominal incisions in small animals is crucial to prevent dehiscence complications. Which layer should be included in all suture bites when suturing the linea alba?
a. The external rectus fascia
b.The internal rectus fascia
c. The peritoneum
d.The rectus abdominus muscle

Answer 14

The external rectus fascia

Question 15

2-year-old Great Dane puppy is presented with a fractured distal radius. The fracture is through the physis and extends into the metaphysis. What type of Salter Harris fracture is this?
a. SH I
b. SH II
c. SH III
d. SH IV

Answer 15

SH II

Question 16

A cat is presented with a fracture that is incomplete and has a portion of the cortex intact. What type of fracture is this?
a.Greenstick fracture
b.Avulsion fracture
c.Transverse fracture
d.Oblique fracture

Answer 16

Greenstick fracture

Question 17

During an exploratory laparotomy on a dog, the surgeon identifies a section of intestine that appears questionable. To determine viability, the surgeon performs a gentle pinch test on the intestinal loop. Unfortunately, the loop does not respond with a peristaltic wave. Additionally, the intestinal wall appears grayish in color and feels thinner than normal upon palpation. What does this indicate about the viability of this section of intestine?
a. It is viable and can be preserved
b.It is non-viable and should be resected
c. Further testing is needed to determine viability
d.The color indicates a bacterial infection

Answer 17

It is non-viable and should be resected

Question 18

A dog is presented with a comminuted fracture of the humerus that cannot be reduced. What type of reduction is most appropriate for this fracture?
a. Open
b.Closed
c. External fixation
d. Internal fixation

Answer 18

Open

Question 19

You are a veterinarian anaesthetist preparing for a surgical procedure on a dog. The dog requires a neuroleptanalgesia combination to ensure adequate pain relief and sedation. Which drug combination would you choose for this purpose?
a. Acepromazine + Morphine
b.Midazolam + Fentanyl
c. Diazepam + Ketamine
d.Xylazine + Butorphanol

Answer 19

Acepromazine + Morphine

Question 20

Which of the following best describe an ultrasound feature above wherein when ultrasound hits a highly echogenic substance, it gets attenuated?
a.Acoustic enhancement
b.Acoustic darkening
c.Acoustic shadowing
d.Acoustic reverberation

Answer 20

Acoustic shadowing

Question 21

Positioning a patient for an X-ray requires careful attention to detail. When preparing for a radiograph, it’s essential to consider the patient’s respiratory cycle to ensure optimal exposure. This ensures that the diaphragm is in the correct position, and the image is clear and diagnostic. Which of the following is ideal for taking a radiograph of the abdomen and thorax?
a. Expiration for the abdomen and inspiration for the thorax
b.Expiration for the thorax and inspiration for the abdomen
c. Expiration for thorax and abdomen
d.Inspiration for thorax and abdomen

Answer 21

Expiration for the abdomen and inspiration for the thorax

Question 22

Surgical intervention is necessary for a cesarean section in a pig, but positioning the animal is proving challenging. Which surgical approach would be most difficult to perform in this situation?
a. Vertical incision in the left paralumbar fossa and flank
region
b.Vertical incision in the right paralumbar fossa and flank
region
c. Horizontal incision in the ventral paralumbar area
d.Ventral midline incision

Answer 22

Ventral midline incision

Question 23

When performing a urethrostomy in a cat, it’s crucial to identify the correct landmark to ensure a proper incision. What structure serves as the landmark to determine the level of the proximal extent of the urethral incision?
a.Bulbourethral glands
b.Ischiocavernosus muscles
c. Pudendal nerves
d.Urethral mucosa

Answer 23

Bulbourethral glands

Question 24

Guttural pouch drainage is indicated in chronic empyema, chondroids and tympany, What are the boundaries of Viborg’s Triangle, a landmark used to access the guttural pouch in horse surgery?
a. A boundary formed by the linguofacial vein, the tendon of the
sternocephalic muscle, and the vertical ramus of the mandible
b. A boundary formed by the jugular vein, the tendon of the brachiocephalic muscle, and the horizontal ramus of the mandible
c. A boundary formed by the maxillary vein, the tendon of the
zygomatic muscle, and the diagonal ramus of the mandible
d.boundary formed by the facial vein, the tendon of the masseter muscle, and the oblique ramus of the mandible

Answer 24

A boundary formed by the linguofacial vein, the tendon of the
sternocephalic muscle, and the vertical ramus of the mandible

Question 25

A 4-year-old dairy cow is presented with a 2-day history of decreased milk production, weight loss, and signs of abdominal pain. Physical examination reveals a ping sound on the left side of the abdomen, and radiographs confirm a left displaced abomasum. What is the most appropriate surgical approach for correcting this condition?
a.Right flank laparotomy
b.Left flank laparotomy
c.Ventral midline laparotomy
d.Paramedian laparotomy

Answer 25

Left flank laparotomy

Question 26

You need to collect a corneal sample from a horse for diagnostic purposes. To prevent blinking and ensure a safe and comfortable procedure, you decide to perform a nerve block. Which nerve do you block and where do you inject the local anesthetic to prevent blinking and facilitate corneal sample collection?
a. Auriculopalpebral nerve, inject at the crest of the rostral zygomatic arch
b.Infraorbital nerve, inject at the medial canthus of the eye
c. Supraorbital nerve, inject at the dorsal aspect of the eye
d.Peterson nerve block, inject between the lateral canthus of the eye and the base of the ear

Answer 26

Auriculopalpebral nerve, inject at the crest of the rostral zygomatic arch

Question 27

A 3-year-old cat undergoes a surgical exploration for a intestinal foreign body removal. After successfully removing the foreign body, you need to close the intestinal incision to prevent dehiscence and ensure a secure closure. Which layer is the holding layer of the small intestine to secure correct closure and prevent dehiscence after foreign body removal?
a. Serosa
b.Muscularis
c. Submucosa
d.Mucosa

Answer 27

Submucosa

Question 28

A 3-year-old Boxer is presented with a skin lesion on the lateral aspect of the thorax. Cytological examination reveals a mast cell tumor. The tumor is approximately 2 cm in diameter and has a moderate grade of malignancy. What is the most appropriate course of action?
a. Surgical excision with wide margins (3-5 cm)
b.Fine needle aspiration and monitoring
c. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
d.Surgical excision with narrow margins (1-2 cm)

Answer 28

Surgical excision with wide margins (3-5 cm)

Question 29

A 5-year-old Great Dane is presented with a 2-hour history of vomiting, lethargy, and abdominal distension. Radiographs confirm Gastric Dilation and Volvulus (GDV). Which of the following is NOT an appropriate step to stabilize this dog?
a. Gastric Decompression via orogastric tube
b.Gastric Decompression via percutaneous gastrocentesis
using large catheters
c. Provide aggressive fluid therapy with isotonic crystalloids via lateral saphenous vein
d.Perform emergency gastropexy

Answer 29

Provide aggressive fluid therapy with isotonic crystalloids via lateral saphenous vein

Question 30

Which of the following procedures is least desirable for preparation of patient for surgery?
a. Clipping the hair close to the skin with a surgical clipper
b.Shaving the patient with medical grade razor before the procedure
c. Surgical scrub using chlorhexidine based scrub product
d.Rinsing the skin with sterile saline

Answer 30

Shaving the patient with medical grade razor before the procedure

Question 31

A 2-year-old male dog is presented after being hit by a car. On physical examination, you notice a swelling on the ventral abdomen, and palpation reveals a hernia. Radiographs confirm that the caudal abdominal viscera have escaped the abdominal compartment and entered the caudal abdominal subcutaneous space. Which type of hernia is most likely present?
a.Cranial Pubic Ligament hernia
b.Umbilical Hernia
c.Inguinal Hernia
d.Perineal Hernia

Answer 31

Cranial Pubic Ligament hernia

Question 32

A 3-year-old Quarter Horse undergoes castration at your clinic. The surgery is uneventful, and the horse is recovered without complications. The owner asks about the post-operative care. You advise:
a. 2-3 weeks of strict stall rest to prevent swelling and promote healing
b.Exercise immediately, 1 day after surgery, to ensure drainage and
reduce edema
c. Gradually increase exercise over 7-10 days to prevent injury
d. No exercise for 1 week, then gradual increase to prevent swelling

Answer 32

Exercise immediately, 1 day after surgery, to ensure drainage and
reduce edema

Question 33

A 10-year-old Warmblood horse is presented with a swollen and painful left hock joint. Radiographs and synovial fluid analysis confirm septic arthritis. Which of the following would be the best treatment plan?
a. Joint Lavage
b.Systemic penicillin and gentamycin
c. Intraarticular Amikacin
d. All of the Above

Answer 33

All of the Above

Question 34

Which of the following lists the tissues in the correct order of increasing echogenicity?
a. Fluid, Liver, Spleen, Medulla, Cortex, Prostate gland, Peritonitis
b.Fluid, Medulla, Cortex, Liver, Spleen, Prostate gland, Peritonitis
c. Fluid, Prostate gland, Liver, Spleen, Medulla, Cortex, Peritonitis
d.Fluid, Peritonitis, Prostate gland, Liver, Spleen, Medulla, Cortex

Answer 34

Fluid, Medulla, Cortex, Liver, Spleen, Prostate gland, Peritonitis

Question 35

Which of the following is the most likely to require caesarean section delivery in the cattle?
a. Lateral displacement of the head and neck, anterior
presentation
b.Shoulder flexion
c. Breech Presentation
d.Dorso- transverse presentation

Answer 35

Dorso- transverse presentation

Question 36

A cow is presented with a painful and swollen hoof. After examination and diagnostic tests, the veterinarian determines that the cow has a condition that requires surgical intervention. Which of the following is a surgical disease of the bovine digit?
a. Footrot
b.Septic Arthritis
c. White line separation
d.Interdigital dermatitis

Answer 36

Septic Arthritis

Question 37

A veterinarian is performing a proximal paravertebral nerve block using the Farquharson, Hall, or Cambridge technique on a cow in preparation for rumenotomy procedure. Which of the following nerves are anesthetized by this block?
a. T12, T13, L1
b.T13, L1, L2
c. L1, L2, L3
d. L2, L3, L4

Answer 37

T13, L1, L2

Question 38

A 3 year old Brahman has severe and rapidly progressive rumen bloat after engorgement of lush Rensonii and Ipil Ipil. The tuber coxae are barely visible, oral and vaginal mucosae are blue and the animal is severely dyspneic and staggering. Which of the following is an appropriate intervention?
A.Observation
B.Oral surfactants
C.Emergency Rumenotomy
D.Percutaneous intraruminal surfactants

Answer 38

Emergency Rumenotomy

Question 39

Which of the following is the term for the ultrasound artifact that results in the liver appearing to be both in thorax and abdominal sides of the diaphragm?
a. Distal acoustic shadowing
b.Through transmission
c. Attenuation
d.Mirror image

Answer 39

Mirror image

Question 40

Which of the following is a characteristic of a Monteggia fracture?
a. The ulna and radius bones are fractured, but the radial head is still in place
b.The ulna bone is fractured, but the radius bone is not
c. The radius bone is fractured, but the ulna bone is not
d.The ulna and radius bones are fractured, and the radial head is dislocated

Answer 40

The ulna and radius bones are fractured, and the radial head is dislocated

Question 41

A 4-month-old puppy is presented for an elective ovariohysterectomy (spay) surgery due to the risk of unwanted breeding. The owners are insistent on having the surgery performed as soon as possible to prevent unwanted pregnancy. Where should the skin and subcutaneous incision be made to access the reproductive organs in this puppy?
a. At the cranial third of the caudal abdomen (from the umbilicus to
approximately half way between the umbilicus and pubis)
b. At the middle third of the caudal abdomen (a few inches cranial and a few inches caudal to the half way point between the umbilicus and pubis)
c. At the caudal third of the caudal abdomen (from a few inches caudal to the half way point between the umbilicus and pubis to the pubis)
d. In the middle of the abdomen (from the umbilicus to a few inches caudal to the umbilicus)

Answer 41

At the middle third of the caudal abdomen (a few inches cranial and a few inches caudal to the half way point between the umbilicus and pubis)

Question 42

A dog undergoes a cesarean section, and the uterine wall is closed in two layers using absorbable suture. What is the purpose of performing an abdominal lavage?
a. To remove excess suture material accidentally dropped in the abdomen
b.To replace the space occupied by the distended gravid uterus, thus preventing intestinal volvulus
c. To remove fetal fluids and prevent infection
d.To promote healing and replace fluid loss

Answer 42

To remove fetal fluids and prevent infection

Question 43

A 7-year-old male dog is presented with a 3-day history of dysuria and hematuria. Imaging studies reveal a large bladder stone that is causing a urethral obstruction. A cystotomy is performed to remove the stone. What is the most important consideration when closing the bladder wall?
a. Close the bladder wall in a single layer with non-absorbable suture
b.Close the bladder wall in one or two layers with absorbable suture to ensure a watertight seal
c. Use a urinary catheter to drain the bladder for 24 hours post-operatively
d.Administer antibiotics for 2 weeks post-operatively to prevent infection

Answer 43

Close the bladder wall in one or two layers with absorbable suture to ensure a watertight seal

Question 44

A 5-year-old cat is being monitored with a pulse oximeter during a surgical procedure. The anesthetist notices that the oxygen saturation reading is fluctuating. Which of the following factors could be contributing to the inaccurate reading?
a. Bright room lights and movement of the patient
b. Movement of the patient and choice of inhalation agent
c. Bright room lights, movement of the patient, and choice of inhalation
agent
d.Bright room lights, movement of the patient, and vasoconstriction

Answer 44

Bright room lights, movement of the patient, and vasoconstriction

Question 45

An episode of Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis has been diagnosed in an anesthetized quarter horse. The serum potassium is currently at 8 mEq/L an the EKG is abnormal. Which of the following IV agents is/are more likely to rapidly reduce the risk of death from hyperkalaemia?
a. Calcium Gluconate
b.Bolus of Lactated ringers Solution
c. Peritoneal Dialysis
d.Furosemide, Acetazolamide

Answer 45

Calcium Gluconate

Question 46

A 5-year-old female French Bulldog is presented with a chronic eye condition resulting in a severe corneal ulcer. The owner reports that the dog has been rubbing her eye excessively and has a significant amount of discharge. Physical examination reveals a large corneal ulcer with significant inflammation and neovascularization. What is the most appropriate surgical procedure to address this condition?
a. Corneal debridement and antibiotic therapy
b.Corneal grafting
c. Autogenous serum therapy
d.Enucleation

Answer 46

Corneal grafting

Question 47

You are a veterinarian working in a busy emergency room. A dog is presented to you with severe respiratory distress and a tentative diagnosis of pleural effusion. You decide to perform thoracocentesis to remove fluid from the pleural space and relieve the dog’s distress. As you prepare for the procedure, you need to determine the best site for puncture. The dog is a medium-sized breed, weighing approximately 20 kg (44 lbs). It is in sternal recumbency, and you have identified the intercostal spaces on both sides of the thorax. Which of the following sites would you choose for thoracocentesis?
a. 7th intercostal space, just cranial to the costochondral junction
b. 10th intercostal space, just caudal to the costochondral junction
c. 5th intercostal space, just cranial to the costochondral junction
d.3rd intercostal space, just caudal to the costochondral junction

Answer 47

7th intercostal space, just cranial to the costochondral junction

Question 48

A 2-year-old dog is presented to you with a lateral scapulohumeral luxation (shoulder dislocation). After radiographs confirm the diagnosis, you decide to perform a closed reduction. Which of the following is the most appropriate post-reduction management to stabilize the shoulder joint and allow for healing?
a. Velpeau sling for 2 weeks
b.Spica Splint for 2 weeks
c. Crate confinement for 3 weeks
d.Robert Jones bandage for 10 days

Answer 48

Velpeau sling for 2 weeks

Question 49

What is the name of the most common surgical approach used to access the testicles in a canine castration procedure?
a. Inguinal approach
b. Scrotal approach
c. Pre-scrotal approach
d.Abdominal approach

Answer 49

Pre-scrotal approach

Question 50

You are assisting a Veterinary Surgeon in the middle of a complex
surgery when the patient, a 5-year-old Golden Retriever, suddenly goes into cardiac arrest. The surgeon shouts, “Start CPR!” You quickly begin chest compressions but need to know the correct ratio of compressions to rescue breaths. What do you do?
a. Start compressing the chest at a ratio of 30:2 (30 compressions to 2 breaths)
b. Start compressing the chest at a ratio of 30:1 (30 compressions to 1 breath)
c. Start compressing the chest at a ratio of 15:2 (15 compressions to 2 breaths)
d. Start compressing the chest at a ratio of 50:2 (50 compressions to 2
breaths)

Answer 50

Start compressing the chest at a ratio of 30:2 (30 compressions to 2 breaths)