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Diagnostic imaging > Small animal special procedures > Flashcards

Small animal special procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Special procedures indicated for

A

Special procedures supplement or confirm information gathered from routine survey radiographs
Soft tissue structures or organs can be difficult or impossible to identify on regular films due to lack of contrast

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2
Q

Contrast media is administered to

A

Increase radiographic contrast within an organ or system
Visualize structures for size, shape and position
Identify defects in mucosal surfaces or luminal contents
Evaluate organ function or assess the physiological condition of that organ

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3
Q

Choice of contrast media is made by

A

Type of study
Condition of patient
Possibility of side effects

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4
Q

Positive contrast agent type

A

Barium or iodine

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5
Q

Positive contrast agents work by

A

Have components of high atomic number so absorb more x-rays than soft tissue or bone
This high absorption causes them to appear white on radiograph
Used to fill or outline a hollow organ
Can be injected into blood vessels**

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6
Q

Negative contrast agents are

A

Consists of air, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide

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7
Q

Negative contrast agents looks like

A

Low specific gravity so more radiolucent than soft tissue
This causes them to appear black on radiograph
Enhances contrast between various soft tissues
Produces less mucosal detail than positive media

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8
Q

Barium sulfate is

A

White powder, colloid suspension or paste
Given orally or rectally

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9
Q

Contraindications for barium

A

Media of choice for gastrointestinal studies as it is completely insoluble
Will not be diluted by alimentary secretions
Not absorbed through intestines

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10
Q

Disadvantage of barium

A

Because barium does not absorb or breakdown, if GI tract has perforation the barium can pass through the perforation into thoracic or abdominal cavity and remain there indefinitely
If perforation is suspected use soluble iodine first
Able to be quickly absorbed by the body
If iodine study is negative, can then follow up with barium series
There is also the possibility of granulomatous reaction

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11
Q

Barium impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS are

A

Used for evaluation of gut motility and transmit time
Two sizes
5 mm and 1.5 mm
Patients given 10 large spheres and 30 small spheres
Must follow manufacturer guidelines closely
Frequency of x-rays determined by tentative diagnosis

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12
Q

Iodine preperations

A

Generally used for intravascular or injected into body cavities
Water soluble
Rapidly excreted by kidneys
Most of the media is out of the body in 24 hours

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13
Q

Two types of iodine

A

Ionic and non-ionic

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14
Q

Ionic iodine characteristics

A

3 iodine atoms to 2 particles in the solution
Also known as high-osmolar contrast agents
HIgher risk

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15
Q

Non-ionic iodine characteristics

A

3 iodine atoms to 1 particle in the solution
Also known as low-osmolar contrast agents
Close to being isotonic, so reduced risk
Is more viscous and more expensive

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16
Q

Double contrast studies is and benefits

A

Use both positive and negative medias
Benefit:
-Optimum mucosal detail without masking small anomalies

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17
Q

Patient preparation for contrast studies

A

Vital to diagnostic radiographs
Withhold food for 12 hours prior to study to ensure GIT empty
Food in GIT can obscure/hide areas of interest
Enema can be given minimum of 4 hours prior to procedure
Sedation or anesthesia may be required for some procedures
Be aware of contraindications!
Make sure hair coat is clean, dry and free from debris/mats
Make sure no contrast media on patient, x-ray table, or cassettes
Remove collars and harnesses

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18
Q

Why do you take survey radiographs

A

Ensures patient is suitable for the study
GIT clean, no causative agents seen without aid of contrast
Ensure technique selection is appropriate
Prevents any waste of time of money

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19
Q

Types of special procedures

A

Esophagram
Upper GI Study*
Lower GI Study*
Retrograde Cystography
Excretory Urography
Pneumocystogram/Cystography*
Urethrography
Myelography

20
Q

Upper GI study is preformed when and indicated when

A

Performed to evaluate stomach and small intestines
Indications:
Recurrent unresponsive vomiting
Diarrhea
Hematemisis
Melena
Abnormal bowel movements
Foreign body or obstruction
Chronic weight loss
Persistent abdominal pain

21
Q

Procedure for barium studies

A

Barium administered orally per os via stomach tube
Contraindicated if perforations suspected – use caution
Can be replaced with endoscopy or ultrasonography
Make sure to give the complete volume for proper distention

22
Q

When to take images in barium abdominal series

A

Immediate films:
VD, DV, left and right lateral
May oblique 15 degrees to right to view pyloric sphincter
At 15, 30, and 60 minutes
VD* and right lateral
Every hour after
VD and right lateral until barium is all in the colon
May also require a 24 hour radiograph

23
Q

Lower GI barium enema indications

A

Performed to evaluate cecum, colon and rectum
Indications:
Abnormal bowel movements characterized by:
Excessive mucus
Bright red blood in feces
Painful defecation
High frequency diarrhea
Also used to detect:
Intussusceptions
Rectal mass
Abdominal mass
Stricture
Colonic obstruction
Commonly replaced by endoscopy

24
Q

Lower Gi study patient preparation for barium enema

A

Animal fasted 24-36 hours (allowed water until 4 hours prior)
Make sure patient properly hydrated, increased risk if dehydrated
Perform enema 4 hours prior to procedure
Use sedation or anesthesia
Avoid narcotics
Contraindication: bowel perforations (as per UGI study)
Use contrast media at room temperature or slightly warmer

25
Q

Lower GI procedure for barium enema

A

Patient in lateral recumbence
Insert lubricated Foley catheter tip into rectum and inflate balloon
Should be located just inside internal anal sphincter
Attach catheter to infusion bag or syringe
Infusion bag only needs to be slightly higher than patient
Slowly infuse barium until have reached desired distension

26
Q

Radiographs needed for lower GI barium series

A

VD, right and left lateral
Oblique if necessary* - removes portions of colon away from lumbar spine and os penis
Evacuate the colon
VD and lateral post evacuation may be required
Double contrast can also be performed at this time by adding air to colon once evacuated
Remove catheter

27
Q

Contrast study of the urinary system is for and indicated when

A

Evaluates kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and prostate
Indications:
Hematuria
Proteinuria
Crystalluria
Polyuria
Isosthenuria
Dysuria
Pyuria
Etc….

28
Q

Do you use barium in the urinary tract

A

NO NEVER USE BARIUM

29
Q

What has replaced contrast studies in urinary

A

Ultrasound

30
Q

Cystography is

A

Introduction of contrast into bladder via urinary catheter
Positive, negative or double contrast studies can be used
Sedation recommended

31
Q

Precautions for cytography

A

Leakage of iodine around catheter giving contrast artifacts
Do not over distend bladder
Must maintain aseptic technique

32
Q

Patient preparation for cystography

A

No food for 24 hours, water ad libitum
Enema the night before or at LEAST 4 hours prior
Obtain urine samples for lab BEFORE injection of contrast media
Dehydration must be corrected before procedure
Empty bladder before injecting contrast media

33
Q

Cystography procedure

A

Insert lubricated catheter using sterile technique
Introduce contrast media
For double contrast study:
After introduction of positive contrast roll patient side to side then introduce the negative contrast

34
Q

Radiographs required for cytography

A

Survey radiographs
VD and right lateral
After injection of contrast media
VD, left and right lateral
May require oblique VD to move bladder off lower lumbar spine
Especially for males with prostate or urethral issues

35
Q

Excretory urography is and how to do

A

Used to be called IVP or IVU
Intravenous pyelogram/urogram
Intravenous injection of water soluble iodine to evaluate kidney structure and collection system
Patient preparation is the same as cystography
Inject warmed contrast media within two minutes
Flush IV catheter with heparinized saline

36
Q

Excretory urography required radiographs

A

Immediately take VD
At 5 minutes take VD and right lateral
If evidence of contrast in kidneys may apply compression
At 15 – 20 minutes take VD and right lateral
If compression was applied, now remove it
At 30 – 40 minutes take right lateral and VD oblique

37
Q

Urethrography is

A

Sedation is required
Consists of filling the urethra with contrast media
Precautions as per cystogram

38
Q

Urethrography used to detect

A

Urethral trauma
Stricture
Obstruction
Tumors
Etc…

39
Q

Urethrography required views

A

Lateral view as contrast is being infused into urethra
VD or oblique if needed

40
Q

Fistulography is

A

Injection of positive or negative contrast into a fistula to determine extent of tract
Water soluble iodine is used with a Foley catheter
Contrast is infused into fistulous tract until just begins to leak past the catheter

41
Q

Fistulography required views

A

Required radiographs:
Lateral and VD/CC/DP
May require films 3-4 min post injection

42
Q

Myelography is

A

Introduction of positive contrast into subarachnoid space of spine via a spinal needle
Replaced by Computer Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

43
Q

Myelography is indicated

A

Indicated to highlight lesions within the spinal column such as:
Compressions
Masses
Protruding discs
Vertebral abnormalities
Spinal cord swelling

44
Q

Procedure for myelography

A

General anesthesia require
Site of injection is surgically prepared
Spinal needle inserted
Any spinal fluid required for diagnostic testing is now taken
Slow injection of positive iodine preparation into subarachnoid space of spinal cord

45
Q

Radiographs needed for myelography

A

Lateral and VD at site of suspected lesion

46
Q

Contrast agents for other modalities

A

Computed tomography uses non-ionic contrast agents
MRI will use chelated gadolinium that is injected IV to differentiate one tissue from another
Scintigraphy or Nuclear Imaging uses radioactive contrast agents

47
Q
A

Diagnostic imaging (18 decks)

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