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Animal Health and Disease > Small Animal Clinical Case Studies > Flashcards

Small Animal Clinical Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical signs of Atopic Dermatitis?

A
  • Erythema
  • Excoriations
  • Hyperpigmentation
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2
Q

What is the ‘hygiene hypothesis’?

A

An increase in atopic disorders can lead to lower infections in early childhood transmitted by unhygienic contact with older siblings (Bloomfield et al., 2006)

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Canine Atopic Dermatitis?

A
  • Known as Atopy
  • Pruritic allergic skin condition
  • Affects >10% of dogs (Hillier et al., 2001; Lund et al., 1999)
  • Genetic predispositions
  • IgE response to environmental allergens
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4
Q

What are the diagnostic and treatment routes for atopic dermatitis?

A
  • No definitive diagnostic tests available
  • Environmental allergy testing should be performed only in diagnosis cases where CAD is present
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5
Q

What is the Shar Pei problem?

A
  • Suffer from entropion (in-turned eyelids)
  • Need to be bred with thinner, flattened skin to avoid welfare impacts
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6
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Disease involving primarily and predominantly the heart muscle

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7
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of myocardial disease?

A
  1. Cardiac dilation with AV incompetence & congestive heart failure
  2. Cardiac hypertrophy
  3. Cardiac constriction
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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Inappetence
  • Vomiting
  • Weight loss
  • Sudden death
    (Visser, 2018)
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9
Q

What is the average survival time of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

92-2153 days (Payne et al., 2013)

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10
Q

What is the most common feline cardiomyopathy observed?

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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11
Q

How many of the cat population can be affected with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

15%

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12
Q

What cats have a genetic predisposition to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Maine Coon- A31P mutation

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13
Q

How can hypertrophic cardiomyopathy be diagnosed?

A
  • Post mortem
  • Echocardiography
  • Radiography
  • Electrocardiography
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14
Q

What are the 2 main hormones which the thyroid releases?

A
  • Triiodothyrodine (T3)
  • Thyroxine (T4)
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15
Q

What is the main function of the thyroid?

A

Regulate metabolism

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16
Q

What is the purpose of calcitonin?

A

Increases the calcium uptake by bone; produced in response to high blood calcium levels

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17
Q

What factors does the thyroid help with metabolic factors?

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Fat metabolism
  • Basal metabolic rate- weight loss & respiratory system
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18
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

The inability to produce, release or respond to T3 and T4

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19
Q

Does hypothyroidism mean the blood levels are too high or too low?

A

Too low

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20
Q

What are issues associated with primary hypothyroidism?

A
  • Idiopathic necrosis and atrophy
  • Immune mediated lymphocytic thyroiditis
  • Cretinism
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21
Q

What are issues associated with secondary hypothyroidism?

A
  • Lack of TSH
  • Glucocorticoid therapy
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22
Q

How many clinical cases are secondary hypothyroidism associated with?

A

5%

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23
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Congenital failure to T3 & T4 and is rare

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24
Q

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed in the lab through blood analysis?

A
  • Mild non-regenerative anaemia (30%)
  • Hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia (50-75%)
  • Mild increased ALT, ALP, CK
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25
Q

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed in the lab through dynamic thyroid function tests?

A
  • ELISA- total T4
  • Equilibrium dialysis- Free T4
  • TSH response test (expensive)
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26
Q

What therapy routes can be used for hypothyroidism?

A
  • Aim to eliminate signs of hypothyroidism, but prevent signs of hyperthyroidism
  • Synthetic T4 in tablet; PO
  • Response seen in behaviour; energy levels within 1-2 weeks
  • Improvements in skin and coat condition take months to become apparent
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27
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Thyroid gland produces and secretes excessive amounts of T3/t4

28
Q

Why does hyperthyroidism occur?

A
  • Due to development of hyper-functional thyroid nodules
  • 98% associated with functional adenoma (uni- or bi-lateral)
29
Q
A
30
Q

What species is hyperthyroidism common in?

A

Cats >9 years old

31
Q

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed in felines?

A
  • Total T4 raised
  • Enlarged thyroid may be palpable
  • PCV mildly elevated
  • Raised ALT, ALP and AST
32
Q

What drug can be used to treat feline hyperthyroidism?

A

Cytotoxic drug therapy with methimazole

33
Q

What are the requirements for using surgical thyroidectomy for treatment of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Pre-operative stabilisation
  • If bilateral, need to preserve at least 1 parathyroid gland
  • Monitor post-op Ca2+ levels if bilateral (hypoparathyroidism)
34
Q

What are the requirements for using radioiodine for treatment of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Selectively taken up by adenomatous tissue
  • Safe and effective
  • Necessary to hospitalise for 1-3 weeks and deal with radioactive waste
35
Q

What is hyperadrenocorticism also known as?

A

Cushings disease

36
Q

How is cushings disease characterised?

A

An overproduction of glucocorticoids

37
Q

What is cushings disease split between?

A
  • Pituitary dependent (85%)
  • Adrenal dependant (15%)
38
Q

How is the pituitary dependent in cushings disease?

A
  • Causes adenomatous enlargement of the pituitary gland
  • Excessive ACTH production
39
Q

How is the adrenal dependent in cushings disease?

A
  • Functional adenomas/adenocarcinomnas of the adrenal gland
40
Q

Why is cushings disease iatrogenic?

A

Causes chronic excessive exogenous steroid administration

41
Q

What are the clinical features of cushions disease?

A
  • Polyuria
  • Bilateral alopecia
  • Dehydration
  • Fat pads
  • Depression
  • Polydipsia
42
Q

What are the laboratory findings of cushings disease?

A
  • Eoisinopaenia, lymphyopaenia, neutrophilia- stress
  • Raised cholesterol, glucose and liver enzymes
  • Urea usually low
  • T4 often low
43
Q

What does pituitary cushings involve?

A

The small amount of suppression in cortisol production

43
Q

What screening tests can be performed for cushions disease?

A
  • ACTH stimulation test
  • Low dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDS)
43
Q

What does adrenal cushings involve?

A

No reduction in cortisol production

44
Q

What is the treatment for cushings disease?

A
  • Adrenalectomy if adrenal tumour
  • Mitotane kills adrenal cortex cells: daily dosage to control and maintain on weekly dose
  • Care not to overdo medication or patient will develop Addisons
44
Q

For using LDDS as a diagnosis method, what time are the blood samples required to be taken?

A

3 blood samples:
1. 1 before dexamethasone administration
2. 1 4 hours after administration
3. 1 8 hours after administration

45
Q

What is hypoadrenocorticism also known as?

A

Addisions disease

46
Q

How are animals affected with addisons disease?

A

Autoimmune or iatrogenic

47
Q

What dogs does addisions disease mostly affect?

A

Young to middle-aged female dogs

48
Q

What are the clinical signs of addisons disease?

A
  • Illness
  • Lethargy
  • Weakness
  • Anorexia
49
Q

Is Addisions disease chronic or accute?

A

Chronic

50
Q

What are the laboratory findings of addisons disease?

A
  • Hyponatraemia (low sodium)
  • Hyperkalaemia (high potassium)
  • ACTH stimulation test shows no response to ACTH
51
Q

What are the treatment routes for addisons disease?

A
  • Chronic condition
  • Fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef)
  • Table salt on food
52
Q

What increases the risk for feline leukaemia virus?

A

Being an:
- Outdoor cat
- Unneutered male
- Young cats
- Cats with other diseases

53
Q

How is feline leukaemia spread?

A

Prolonged, repeated exposure to infected i.e. saliva and urine

54
Q

What is the clinical indications of feline leukaemia virus?

A
  • Mild fever and lethargy
  • Damage to WBC
  • Anemia
  • Lymphosarcomas
55
Q

How can feline leukaemia be diagnosed?

A
  • ELISA
  • PCR
56
Q

What are disease management strategies for feline leukaemia?

A
  • Vaccination
  • Secondary infections treated promptly
  • Supportive therapy and nursing care
  • Indoor cat
57
Q

What is Canine infectious tracheobronchitis known as?

A

Kennel cough

58
Q

What are the multifactoral etiological causes of kennel cough?

A
  • Bordatella bronchiseptica (Bb) combined with Pseudomonas sp., E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia
  • Canine parainfluenza virus
  • Canine adenovirus 1 and 2
  • Canine distemper virus
59
Q

What are the clinical signs of kennel cough?

A
  • Inflammation of the upper airways
  • Harsh, dry hacking cough
  • Body temperature and WBC normal
  • Fever
  • Depression and anorexia
60
Q

How is kennel cough diagnosed?

A
  • History and clinical signs
  • Elimination of other causes of coughing
  • Thoracic radiographs
61
Q

What is the treatment route of kennel cough?

A
  • Hygiene and environment
  • No hospitalisation
  • Cough suppressants
  • Antibiotics
62
Q

What prevention methods can take place to stop kennel cough?

A
  • Vaccination with modified-live virus i.e parainfluenza and CAV-2
  • Intranasal vaccination for B bronchiseptica

Animal Health and Disease (6 decks)

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