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Alimentary - Abdominal Pain and Colic > Small Animal > Flashcards

Small Animal Flashcards

1
Q

Define acute abdomen

A

A condition of severe abdominal pain caused by acute disease or injury to the internal organs

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2
Q

Give some signs in a history that suggest acute abdomen in small animals

A

Vomiting

Anorexia/decreased appetite

Lethargy, behaviour and gait

Prayer position

Grunting, groaning and biting

Progression of signs

Recent surgery

Toxin/medications/foreign body

Urination or defecation

Vaccination/worming

Spay/neutered/on-heat

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3
Q

What specific things on a physical examination of a small animal suggests acute abdomen?

A

**Abdominal palpation: **

  • Pain
  • Fluid thrill
  • Tympany
  • Physiological changes

Ptyalism (hypersalivation)

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4
Q

What is megacolon?

A

Flaccid enlargement of the colon

Distension of the colon with faeces

Loss of function of the colonic muscle

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5
Q

Which species can get primary/idiopathic megacolon?

A

Cats

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6
Q

What are some causes of secondary megacolon?

A

Pelvic fractures

Intrapelvic space-occupying lesion

Colorectal neoplasia

Colorectal abscess

Perineal hernia

Inappropriate diet

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7
Q

How can megacolon be diagnosed?

A

Chronic constipation

Tenesmus

Vomiting

Anorexia

Weight Loss

Large colon containing faecal material

Dehydration

Poor body condition

Rule out underlying constipation cause

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8
Q

What are the treatments of megacolon?

A

Treat underlying disease

Medical management:

  • Manual evacuation
  • Laxatives
  • Prokinetics
  • Frequent walks
  • High fibre, low residue diet

Surgery:

  • Subtotal colectomy
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9
Q

What is the signalment for colorectal neoplasia?

A

Older dogs: 6-9 years

Adenocarcinomas:

  • GSD
  • Great Dane
  • Doberman
  • Boxers
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10
Q

What is presented during a history that suggests colorectal neoplasia?

A

Tenesmus

Haematochezia

Increased defecatory frequency

Ribbon-like faeces

Rectal prolapse

Weight loss

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11
Q

What can you use to help diagnose colorectal neoplasia?

A

Rectal exam

Radiography

Ultrasound

Colonoscopy

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12
Q

What is the treatment for colorectal neoplasia?

A

Submucosal resection

Wide surgical excision with intestinal resection and anastomosis

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13
Q

What is the prognosis for adenomatous polyps?

A

Surgical resection can result in a cure

17% dogs have recurrence at 9-12 months

25% of dogs have malignant transformation at 9-17 months

Median survival is greater than two years

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14
Q

What is the prognosis for adenocarcinomas?

A

Cure possible with complete surgical excision

Complete excision often difficult due to tumour location

Median survival around 22 months

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15
Q

What is the prognosis with conservative management of neoplasia with faecal softeners?

A

Mean survival time around 15 months

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16
Q

What can cause rectal prolapse in small animals?

A

GI parasites

Rectal neoplasia

Perineal hernias

17
Q

What is the treatment for rectal prolapse in small animals?

A

Anthelmintics

Faecal softeners

Low residue diet

Sedatives

18
Q

What history presents with anal sac disease?

A

Perineal irritation:

  • Scooting
  • Licking
  • Biting
  • Discomfort on defecation
19
Q

What is found during a physical exam with anal sac disease?

A

Enlarged non-painful or painful anal sacs

20
Q

What would abnormal anal sac secretions look like?

A

Thick white/yellow/green

21
Q

What is the medical treatment for anal sac disease?

A

Impaction:

  • Manual expression

Anal sacculitis/abscess:

  • Sedation/anaesthesia
  • Catheterise duct opening
  • Collect sample for culture
  • Lavage anal sac
  • Antibiotics and dexamethasone
  • Systemic antibiotics if evidence of abscess or systemic disease
22
Q

What are some complications with anal sacculectomy?

A

Faecal incontinence

Persistent infection with draining tracts

23
Q

What is the treatment for anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma?

A

Surgery

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

24
Q

What is the prognosis for anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma treatments?

A

Surgery - 548 days

Surgery combined with other treatments - 956 days

25
Q

What feeding tube would be most appropriate for an animal with a severely damaged oesophagus?

A

Gastostomy tube placed endoscopically (PEG tube)

26
Q

What feeding tube would be most appropriate for an animal with traumatised nasal passages and jaw?

A

Oesophagostomy tube - oral feeding or naso-oesophageal feeding is not possible

27
Q

What feeding tube would be most appropriate for an animal in urgent need of nutrition but can’t undergo general anaesthesia?

A

Naso-oesophageal tube

28
Q

What would be the most appropriate tube for a large dog?

A

Gastrostomy tube placed surgically - only one big enough to meet daily caloric requirements and endoscopically placing it would be difficult

Alimentary - Abdominal Pain and Colic (2 decks)

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