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Alimentary - Dentistry > Small Animal > Flashcards

Small Animal Flashcards

1
Q

What should be checked for in every puppy and kitten during an oral examination?

A

Cleft palate

Occlusion

Correct number of teeth

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2
Q

What is the normal occlusion for canine teeth?

A

Scissor bite - maxillary incisors slightly in front of mandibular incisors

Mandibular canine should occlude between maxillary canine and third incisor

Premolar interdigitation: zigzag-pattern of the premolar teeth

Posterior scissor bite: upper premolar 4 should be buccal to the mandibular molar 1

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3
Q

Describe lingually displaced mandibular canine teeth and why they are a problem

A

Can be unilateral or bilateral

Often in combination with mandibular distoclusion

Can create painful impingement into the palate

Results in extensive palatal defects if left untreated

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4
Q

When is a tooth considered a persistent deciduous tooth?

A

When the temporary tooth is still there at the time the permanent tooth has erupted

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5
Q

What can a persistent deciduous tooth lead to?

A

Malocclusion

Periodontal disease

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6
Q

What is the treatment for persistent deciduous teeth?

A

Dental radiography - determine whether any physiological resorption is present

Extraction

Long thin roots are prone to fragmentation

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7
Q

Describe supernumerary teeth

A

Often incisor or premolar teeth

Crowding can lead to periodontal disease

Extract the more abnormally positioned tooth

Often only a cosmetic concern

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8
Q

How can missing teeth be diagnosed?

A

Dental radiography

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9
Q

What are some examples of cases involving missing teeth?

A

Hypodontia - congenital absence of one or few teeth and is common

Impacted

Embedded tooth

Traumatic crown fracture below gingival margin

Previous extraction

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10
Q

What is enamel hypoplasia?

A

Enamel that develops prior to eruption

Hypoplastic enamel means an event occured preventing enamel development prior to eruption

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11
Q

What are four examples of trauma-induced dental problems?

A

Abrasion

Attrition

Fractures

Intrinsic Staining

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12
Q

Describe attrition and abrasion in teeth

A

Tooth wears against tooth through abnormal contact in attrition

Wears against abrasive objects in abrasion

Either can result in formation of reparative dentin or pulp exposure can occur

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13
Q

Describe reparative dentin

A

Beige or dark-brown circles on the worn tooth surface

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14
Q

What are five types of fractures that can occur in teeth?

A

Fracture with pulp exposure

Root fracture

Crown and root fracture

Chip fracture

Pulpal blush

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15
Q

How does intrinsic staining occur?

A

Tooth discoloured from within caused by blunt trauma

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16
Q

What is the difference between reparative dentin or pulp exposure?

A

Pulp exposure has a hole into which you can sink the tip of a sharp explorer

Reparative dentin has a hard continuous surface over which you run the tip of the explorer at a 90º angle

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17
Q

Why should you be suspicious of an upper fourth premolar frature if one side has more calculus than the other?

A

Older slab fracture can be covered with calculus

Fractured surface is more retentive for calculus deposits because it’s rougher

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18
Q

Why is leaving fractured teeth when there appears to be no problem not a good option?

A

Periapical pathology develops soon after the trauma

Abscess formation is just a matter of time

Pain can range from a dull-numb discomfort to excruciating pain

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19
Q

How does pulp necrosis occur?

A

Pulp exposure leads to microbial invasion leading to pulpitis and then necrosis

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20
Q

What can cause pathological changes in the jaw bone?

A

Periapical pathology causes bacteria to invade where the apical delta meets the peri-apex

They produce toxins and the interaction with the immune response results in pathological changes

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21
Q

What are typical signs on a radiograph of periapical radiolucency?

A

Bulbous shape

Loss of lamina dura

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22
Q

What are the two things that should be provided on first presentation of fractured teeth?

A

Analgesia

Antibiotics

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23
Q

What are the three definitive treatments for the fractured tooth?

A

Extraction

Vital pulp treatment

Root canal therapy

24
Q

How can oral mass lesions be diagnosed?

A

Diagnostic imaging

Biopsy

25
Q

What signs can be seen on a radiograph with oral mass lesions?

A

Signs of ossification in an ossifying epulis

26
Q

When does tooth eruption begin?

A

3-4 weeks old

27
Q

When is tooth eruption complete?

A

2-3 months

28
Q

What is a neutroclusion or Class I malocclusion?

A

Normal rostro-caudal relationship between maxilla and mandible

Individual tooth malaligned

29
Q

What is mandibular distoclusion or Class II malocclusion?

A

Mandible more caudally positioned in relation to maxilla

30
Q

What is mandibular mesioclusion or Class III malocclusion?

A

Mandible more rostrally positioned in relation to the maxilla

31
Q

What is the dental formula for dogs?

A

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 2/3)

32
Q

What is the dental formula for cats?

A

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2, M 1/1)

33
Q

Which tooth is the most commonly affected by impaction?

A

First premolar tooth

34
Q

What affects at least 70% of all cats and dogs greater than 3 years of age?

A

Periodontal disease

35
Q

What is the primary factor in causing periodontal disease?

A

Presence of plaque-bacteria and their toxic by-products

36
Q

What are some secondary factors causing periodontal disease?

A

Lack of oral hygiene

Calculus deposits

Nutrition lacking in EFA’s and anti-oxidants

Genetics

Stress

Systemic illness

37
Q

What are the three stages of plaque formation?

A

Attachment

Growth

Dispersal

38
Q

What is plaque?

A

Mucoid matter on teeth especially near and under the gingival margin

No. 1 enemy in periodontal disease and in stomatitis

39
Q

What is calculus?

A

Mineralized plaque - tartar

40
Q

What will you almost always find with calculus?

A

Periodontal disease

41
Q

What is the normal gingival sulcus depth in dogs? Cats?

A

1-3 mm in dogs

0.5-1 mm in cats

42
Q

What are the 5 stages of periodontal disease?

A

Stage 0 - Healthy gingiva

Stage 1 - Gingivitis with no evidence of attachment loss

Stage 2 - Mild periodontitis with <25% attachment loss

Stage 3 - Moderate periodontitis with 25-50% attachment loss

Stage 4 - Severe periodontitis with >50% attachment loss

43
Q

What is always the first stage of periodontal disease?

A

Gingivitis

44
Q

Describe gingivitis

A

Hyperaemia

Oedema

Tendency of gingiva to bleed

Plaque induced but reversible with consistent regular plaque control

45
Q

How can periodontal disease progress through grades?

A

Plaque in subgingival sulcus favours disease progression

Decreasing O2 saturation in plaque causes shift of bacteria to gram-negative anaerobes

Sulcus not keratinised so microbial invasion of periodontal tissues occurs

46
Q

What two things can cause destruction of tissue in periodontal disease?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

Tissue’s immune system

47
Q

What needs to be done to fully diagnose periodontal disease?

A

Put animal under general anaesthesia

Complete dental charting with dental radiograph

48
Q

What things does a dental radiograph allow us to assess?

A

Percentage of attachment loss

Pattern of bone loss

Difficulties if extracting

49
Q

What six things should be checked when dental charting?

A

Missing teeth

Mobility

Gingival recession

Pockets and measure depth

Furcations

Lingual and palatal aspects

50
Q

What are the 3 stages of mobility and which is normal for mandibular incisors?

A

Stage 1 - up to 0.5mm lateral movement

Stage 2 - between 0.5 to 1mm

Stage 3 - greater than 1mm

Stage 2 is normal for mandibular incisors

51
Q

What are the four treatments for periodontal disease?

A

Extractions

Scaling and polishing

Prevention and oral home care

Advanced treatments

52
Q

What is a complication of periodontal disease?

A

Oronasal fistula

53
Q

When should you suspect an oronasal fistula?

A

Canine tooth in dogs has severe periodontal disease

Symptoms of nasal discharge and sneezing after eating or drinking

54
Q

Why should you always take radiographs before extracting on a small-breed mandible?

A

Have relatively big teeth in small, thin mandible

If bone resorbtion has occured then there might be even less bone present on the mandible

55
Q

What is stomatitis defined as?

A

Inflammation of the oral mucosa extending beyond the mucogingival junction

56
Q

Describe the treatment of stomatitis

A

Early referral recommendable

Extensive extraction work

Immediate pain-relief

Plaque-control

Consider corticosteroids as last resort

Alimentary - Dentistry (3 decks)

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