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Alimentary - Dentistry > Small Animal > Flashcards

Small Animal Flashcards

1
Q

What should be checked for in every puppy and kitten during an oral examination?

A

Cleft palate

Occlusion

Correct number of teeth

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2
Q

What is the normal occlusion for canine teeth?

A

Scissor bite - maxillary incisors slightly in front of mandibular incisors

Mandibular canine should occlude between maxillary canine and third incisor

Premolar interdigitation: zigzag-pattern of the premolar teeth

Posterior scissor bite: upper premolar 4 should be buccal to the mandibular molar 1

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3
Q

Describe lingually displaced mandibular canine teeth and why they are a problem

A

Can be unilateral or bilateral

Often in combination with mandibular distoclusion

Can create painful impingement into the palate

Results in extensive palatal defects if left untreated

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4
Q

When is a tooth considered a persistent deciduous tooth?

A

When the temporary tooth is still there at the time the permanent tooth has erupted

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5
Q

What can a persistent deciduous tooth lead to?

A

Malocclusion

Periodontal disease

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6
Q

What is the treatment for persistent deciduous teeth?

A

Dental radiography - determine whether any physiological resorption is present

Extraction

Long thin roots are prone to fragmentation

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7
Q

Describe supernumerary teeth

A

Often incisor or premolar teeth

Crowding can lead to periodontal disease

Extract the more abnormally positioned tooth

Often only a cosmetic concern

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8
Q

How can missing teeth be diagnosed?

A

Dental radiography

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9
Q

What are some examples of cases involving missing teeth?

A

Hypodontia - congenital absence of one or few teeth and is common

Impacted

Embedded tooth

Traumatic crown fracture below gingival margin

Previous extraction

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10
Q

What is enamel hypoplasia?

A

Enamel that develops prior to eruption

Hypoplastic enamel means an event occured preventing enamel development prior to eruption

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11
Q

What are four examples of trauma-induced dental problems?

A

Abrasion

Attrition

Fractures

Intrinsic Staining

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12
Q

Describe attrition and abrasion in teeth

A

Tooth wears against tooth through abnormal contact in attrition

Wears against abrasive objects in abrasion

Either can result in formation of reparative dentin or pulp exposure can occur

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13
Q

Describe reparative dentin

A

Beige or dark-brown circles on the worn tooth surface

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14
Q

What are five types of fractures that can occur in teeth?

A

Fracture with pulp exposure

Root fracture

Crown and root fracture

Chip fracture

Pulpal blush

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15
Q

How does intrinsic staining occur?

A

Tooth discoloured from within caused by blunt trauma

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16
Q

What is the difference between reparative dentin or pulp exposure?

A

Pulp exposure has a hole into which you can sink the tip of a sharp explorer

Reparative dentin has a hard continuous surface over which you run the tip of the explorer at a 90º angle

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17
Q

Why should you be suspicious of an upper fourth premolar frature if one side has more calculus than the other?

A

Older slab fracture can be covered with calculus

Fractured surface is more retentive for calculus deposits because it’s rougher

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18
Q

Why is leaving fractured teeth when there appears to be no problem not a good option?

A

Periapical pathology develops soon after the trauma

Abscess formation is just a matter of time

Pain can range from a dull-numb discomfort to excruciating pain

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19
Q

How does pulp necrosis occur?

A

Pulp exposure leads to microbial invasion leading to pulpitis and then necrosis

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20
Q

What can cause pathological changes in the jaw bone?

A

Periapical pathology causes bacteria to invade where the apical delta meets the peri-apex

They produce toxins and the interaction with the immune response results in pathological changes

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21
Q

What are typical signs on a radiograph of periapical radiolucency?

A

Bulbous shape

Loss of lamina dura

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22
Q

What are the two things that should be provided on first presentation of fractured teeth?

A

Analgesia

Antibiotics

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23
Q

What are the three definitive treatments for the fractured tooth?

A

Extraction

Vital pulp treatment

Root canal therapy

24
Q

How can oral mass lesions be diagnosed?

A

Diagnostic imaging

Biopsy

25
What signs can be seen on a radiograph with oral mass lesions?
Signs of ossification in an ossifying epulis
26
When does tooth eruption begin?
3-4 weeks old
27
When is tooth eruption complete?
2-3 months
28
What is a **neutroclusion** or **Class I malocclusion**?
Normal rostro-caudal relationship between maxilla and mandible Individual tooth malaligned
29
What is **mandibular distoclusion** or **Class II malocclusion**?
Mandible more caudally positioned in relation to maxilla
30
What is **mandibular mesioclusion** or **Class III malocclusion**?
Mandible more rostrally positioned in relation to the maxilla
31
What is the dental formula for dogs?
2(I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 2/3)
32
What is the dental formula for cats?
2(I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2, M 1/1)
33
Which tooth is the most commonly affected by impaction?
First premolar tooth
34
What affects at least 70% of all cats and dogs greater than 3 years of age?
Periodontal disease
35
What is the primary factor in causing periodontal disease?
Presence of plaque-bacteria and their toxic by-products
36
What are some secondary factors causing periodontal disease?
Lack of oral hygiene Calculus deposits Nutrition lacking in EFA's and anti-oxidants Genetics Stress Systemic illness
37
What are the three stages of plaque formation?
Attachment Growth Dispersal
38
What is plaque?
Mucoid matter on teeth especially near and under the gingival margin No. 1 enemy in periodontal disease and in stomatitis
39
What is calculus?
Mineralized plaque - tartar
40
What will you almost always find with calculus?
Periodontal disease
41
What is the normal gingival sulcus depth in dogs? Cats?
1-3 mm in dogs 0.5-1 mm in cats
42
What are the 5 stages of periodontal disease?
Stage 0 - Healthy gingiva Stage 1 - Gingivitis with no evidence of attachment loss Stage 2 - Mild periodontitis with \<25% attachment loss Stage 3 - Moderate periodontitis with 25-50% attachment loss Stage 4 - Severe periodontitis with \>50% attachment loss
43
What is always the first stage of periodontal disease?
Gingivitis
44
Describe gingivitis
Hyperaemia Oedema Tendency of gingiva to bleed Plaque induced but reversible with consistent regular plaque control
45
How can periodontal disease progress through grades?
Plaque in subgingival sulcus favours disease progression Decreasing O2 saturation in plaque causes shift of bacteria to gram-negative anaerobes Sulcus not keratinised so microbial invasion of periodontal tissues occurs
46
What two things can cause destruction of tissue in periodontal disease?
Gram-negative bacteria Tissue's immune system
47
What needs to be done to fully diagnose periodontal disease?
Put animal under general anaesthesia Complete dental charting with dental radiograph
48
What things does a dental radiograph allow us to assess?
Percentage of attachment loss Pattern of bone loss Difficulties if extracting
49
What six things should be checked when dental charting?
Missing teeth Mobility Gingival recession Pockets and measure depth Furcations Lingual and palatal aspects
50
What are the 3 stages of mobility and which is normal for mandibular incisors?
Stage 1 - up to 0.5mm lateral movement Stage 2 - between 0.5 to 1mm Stage 3 - greater than 1mm Stage 2 is normal for mandibular incisors
51
What are the four treatments for periodontal disease?
Extractions Scaling and polishing Prevention and oral home care Advanced treatments
52
What is a complication of periodontal disease?
Oronasal fistula
53
When should you suspect an oronasal fistula?
Canine tooth in dogs has severe periodontal disease Symptoms of nasal discharge and sneezing after eating or drinking
54
Why should you always take radiographs before extracting on a small-breed mandible?
Have relatively big teeth in small, thin mandible If bone resorbtion has occured then there might be even less bone present on the mandible
55
What is stomatitis defined as?
Inflammation of the oral mucosa extending beyond the mucogingival junction
56
Describe the treatment of stomatitis
Early referral recommendable Extensive extraction work Immediate pain-relief Plaque-control Consider corticosteroids as last resort

Alimentary - Dentistry (3 decks)

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