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541 Therio > Small Animal 2 > Flashcards

Small Animal 2 Flashcards

1
Q

parturition in small animal occurs __ days after LH surge or __ days after ovulation

A

65 days; 63 days

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2
Q

during pregnancy, ____ is produced at low concentrations and _____ is luteotropic, supporting the CL from midterm through parturition

A

GnRH
prolactin

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3
Q

what is the source of progesterone during pregnancy? how is progesterone maintained?

A

CL during the pregnancy
by LH and prolactin (both luteotropic) (LH due to GnRH production)

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4
Q

what is the pregnancy-specific hormone in the dog that is produced by placenta, not detectable until week 3 or 4 of pregnancy, and peaks 2-3 weeks before parturition?

A

relaxin

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5
Q

to diagnose pregnancy, you can PERFORM ______ or ______ or _____, or you can test for HORMONE _______

A

abdominal palpation (as early as 17 days after ovulation)
ultrasound (21 days after LH surge… so 19 days after ovulation?)
radiographs (can see fluid filled horns 21 days after ovulation)
relaxin

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6
Q

calcification begins ________ days after ovulation (can see calcification on radiograph)

A

43-46

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7
Q

normocytic normochronic anemia (<40% hematocrit) during pregnancy is called what?

A

pregnancy associated anemia

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8
Q

during pregnancy, you should avoid _______ the mom

A

overfeeding - can give puppy diet

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9
Q

what kind of placenta do small animals have

A

zonary placenta, endotheliochoral placenta

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10
Q

you see greenish-black discharge after placental separation, during whelping. is this normal?

A

yes, this is due to placental separation(biliverdin breakdown product)

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11
Q

you can predict whelping by taking _______ 2-3x/day or measuring ________

A

rectal temp (looking for drop of 1 degree then increase again, indicates whelping within 24h)
progesterone <2 ng/ml (indicates whelping within 24 h)

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12
Q

what is stage 1 of parturition

A

uterine contractions, cervix dilation, takes about 6-12h

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13
Q

what is stage 2 of parturition

A

Ferguson’s reflex (pressure within cervix), expulsion of puppies every 0.5-1h, large litter size birth can be 24h, remove fetal membranes (allantoamnion and allantochorion), lick pups

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14
Q

what is stage 3 of parturition

A

expulsion of fetal membranes (with the puppy of within 15 min of birth)

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15
Q

are retained fetal membranes common

A

very uncommon

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16
Q

how long does endometrial involution take

A

3 months

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17
Q

before parturition, fetal and maternal _____ increase, causing increased ______, which then causes _______ [event] and rapid _____ decrease (<2 ng/mL), 24 hours before whelping

A

cortisol … PGF2 alpha … luteolysis … decrease progesterone

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18
Q

what are the 2 possible origins of dystocia

A

fetal or maternal origin

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19
Q

what are 3 basic maternal factors of dystocia?

A

brachycephalic breeds, primary uterine inertia (no fetus delivered, often due to hypocalcemia), and secondary uterine inertia which is failure to empty uterus (again hypocalcemia common)

20
Q

what are 4 fetal factors that cause dystocia

A

presentation/position/postire, big fetus, abnormal developments, or dead fetus

21
Q

what are 2 key signs to diagnose dystocia

A

significant blood discharge
acute abdominal pain/prolapse/shock

22
Q

to diagnose dystocia, you can use what 2 types of imaging

A

U/S: fetal distress, heartbeats<180 bpm
rads: 2 views

23
Q

you have dystocia with the following features. should you treat medically or surgically?
Female in good health condition
No fetal obstruction
Ferguson reflex present
Length of dystocia
Fetal HR > 180 bpm consistently

A

medical

24
Q

you have dystocia with the following features. should you treat medically or surgically?
Health compromised
Fetus in the birth canal
Ferguson reflex absent
Dystocia for too long
Fetal distress

A

surgical

25
Q

what 2 drugs do you give for dystocia treatment? what do they do?

A

oxytocin multiple doses, for contractions
calcium increases strength of uterine contractions, give with oxytocin

26
Q

this pregnancy disease is caused by a relative lack of carbohydrates (large litter or inadequate nutrition), then ketosis develops, C/S anorexia late gestation and ketone bodies in urine but no glycosuria

A

pregnancy toxemias
(5% dextrose or pregnancy termination to treat)

27
Q

this pregnancy disease occurs during diestrus when progesterone is high –> growth hormone are high –> Gh antagonizes insulin

A

diabetes mellitus

28
Q

this postpartum disease occurs within 1 week of whelping due to either retained fetal membrane or pup, see malodorous vaginal discharge, fever, degenerative neutrophils in the discharge

A

acute puerperal metritis

29
Q

this postpartum disease occurs mostly in postpartum females but can occur in lactating pseudopregnant animals. see purulent discharge from affected teats (E coli, staphylococci, streptococci)

A

mastitis

30
Q

how to treat acute puerperal metritis

A

needs antibiotics, supportive therapy for medical treatment to surgical OHE

31
Q

how to treat mastitis

A

allow pups to nurse unless abscess/gangrene
antibiotics: clavamox or cephalosporins
sx may be needed: drain and flush with 1% providing-iodine

32
Q

this postpartum disease is caused by trophoblast cells not degenerating, but instead invading endometrium and myometrium
more common in primiparous females <3y, get spontaneous remission, hemorrhagic discharge, but no systemic illness

A

SIPS sub involution of placental sites

33
Q

terminating pregnancy: what progesterone antagonist can you give

A

aglepristone (Aziline)
2 doses 24 hours apart, 3-10 days after second inject pregnancy terminates

34
Q

terminating pregnancy: what drug has side effects of vomiting, hyper salivation, defecation (subside in 60 min)

A

PGF2 alpha

35
Q

terminating pregnancy: what drug has a 9.5 day course of treatment and can be administered orally at home

A

dexamethasone

36
Q

terminating pregnancy: what drug not to use (was used historically)

A

estrogens due to severe side effects

37
Q

canine brucellosis: do all infected dogs show symptoms?

A

no! can spread due to asymptomatic dogs

38
Q

this bacterial disease causes late term abortions and most dogs with it have positive blood cultures for up to one year, and is definitively diagnosed though blood culture

A

canine brucellosis

39
Q

canine brucellosis: why do we euthanize all infected dogs?

A

can persist in kennels even after antibiotics treatment. also there is zoonotic risk, but idk if this is really a reason for euth or a side note

40
Q

canine brucellosis: what available on-site serology test can we use to diagnose? is this a very sensitive and specific test?

A

rapid slide agglutination test, RSAT
- Ab against surface antigens
- autoantibodies cross-react strongly with Ab to several nonpathogenic bacteria so false positives common (low specificity), therefore use only as screening test
- sensitivity is good

41
Q

we want to get a definitive diagnosis for canine brucellosis. what test do we use?

A

agar gel immunodiffusion, AGID
- more specific than RSAT, but not available as on-site test

42
Q

Campylobacter is a GI disease with reported vaginal hemorrhagic discharge, GI disease, and in some cases abortion. is it zoonotic?

A

yes, dog to human and human to dog

43
Q

what are some common bacteria that can be isolated from vaginal discharge in dogs who have aborted?

A

abortions: brucella canis, campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, e coli, leptospirosis Bratislava
normal finding, nnec abortions: streptococci, mycoplasma, ureaplasma

44
Q

what bacterial disease of the female can result in abortions, uveitis, meningitis, infertility, and is transmitted trough urine and rarely venereal? is it zoonotic?

A

Leptospirosis
L. bratislava = infertility and abortion
yes, zoonotic

45
Q

what 2 bacteria can be part of normal vaginal flora but cause disease if in large enough numbers? cause poor conception, EED, fetal resorption, stillborn pups, weak pups, neonatal death
more likely in overcrowded kennels

A

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

46
Q

this fatal viral disease in newborn pups, transmitted by licking/ coughing/in utero/venereal spread, spreads from naive pregnant mom to fetus, causing fetal death, mummification, abortion, and stillbirth

A

canine herpesvirus

47
Q
A

541 Therio (2 decks)

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