Small Animal 2

Question 1

parturition in small animal occurs __ days after LH surge or __ days after ovulation

Answer 1

65 days; 63 days

Question 2

during pregnancy, ____ is produced at low concentrations and _____ is luteotropic, supporting the CL from midterm through parturition

Answer 2

GnRH
prolactin

Question 3

what is the source of progesterone during pregnancy? how is progesterone maintained?

Answer 3

CL during the pregnancy
by LH and prolactin (both luteotropic) (LH due to GnRH production)

Question 4

what is the pregnancy-specific hormone in the dog that is produced by placenta, not detectable until week 3 or 4 of pregnancy, and peaks 2-3 weeks before parturition?

Answer 4

relaxin

Question 5

to diagnose pregnancy, you can PERFORM ______ or ______ or _____, or you can test for HORMONE _______

Answer 5

abdominal palpation (as early as 17 days after ovulation)
ultrasound (21 days after LH surge… so 19 days after ovulation?)
radiographs (can see fluid filled horns 21 days after ovulation)
relaxin

Question 6

calcification begins ________ days after ovulation (can see calcification on radiograph)

Answer 6

43-46

Question 7

normocytic normochronic anemia (<40% hematocrit) during pregnancy is called what?

Answer 7

pregnancy associated anemia

Question 8

during pregnancy, you should avoid _______ the mom

Answer 8

overfeeding - can give puppy diet

Question 9

what kind of placenta do small animals have

Answer 9

zonary placenta, endotheliochoral placenta

Question 10

you see greenish-black discharge after placental separation, during whelping. is this normal?

Answer 10

yes, this is due to placental separation(biliverdin breakdown product)

Question 11

you can predict whelping by taking _______ 2-3x/day or measuring ________

Answer 11

rectal temp (looking for drop of 1 degree then increase again, indicates whelping within 24h)
progesterone <2 ng/ml (indicates whelping within 24 h)

Question 12

what is stage 1 of parturition

Answer 12

uterine contractions, cervix dilation, takes about 6-12h

Question 13

what is stage 2 of parturition

Answer 13

Ferguson’s reflex (pressure within cervix), expulsion of puppies every 0.5-1h, large litter size birth can be 24h, remove fetal membranes (allantoamnion and allantochorion), lick pups

Question 14

what is stage 3 of parturition

Answer 14

expulsion of fetal membranes (with the puppy of within 15 min of birth)

Question 15

are retained fetal membranes common

Answer 15

very uncommon

Question 16

how long does endometrial involution take

Answer 16

3 months

Question 17

before parturition, fetal and maternal _____ increase, causing increased ______, which then causes _______ [event] and rapid _____ decrease (<2 ng/mL), 24 hours before whelping

Answer 17

cortisol … PGF2 alpha … luteolysis … decrease progesterone

Question 18

what are the 2 possible origins of dystocia

Answer 18

fetal or maternal origin

Question 19

what are 3 basic maternal factors of dystocia?

Answer 19

brachycephalic breeds, primary uterine inertia (no fetus delivered, often due to hypocalcemia), and secondary uterine inertia which is failure to empty uterus (again hypocalcemia common)

Question 20

what are 4 fetal factors that cause dystocia

Answer 20

presentation/position/postire, big fetus, abnormal developments, or dead fetus

Question 21

what are 2 key signs to diagnose dystocia

Answer 21

significant blood discharge
acute abdominal pain/prolapse/shock

Question 22

to diagnose dystocia, you can use what 2 types of imaging

Answer 22

U/S: fetal distress, heartbeats<180 bpm
rads: 2 views

Question 23

you have dystocia with the following features. should you treat medically or surgically?
Female in good health condition
No fetal obstruction
Ferguson reflex present
Length of dystocia
Fetal HR > 180 bpm consistently

Answer 23

medical

Question 24

you have dystocia with the following features. should you treat medically or surgically?
Health compromised
Fetus in the birth canal
Ferguson reflex absent
Dystocia for too long
Fetal distress

Answer 24

surgical

Question 25

what 2 drugs do you give for dystocia treatment? what do they do?

Answer 25

oxytocin multiple doses, for contractions calcium increases strength of uterine contractions, give with oxytocin

Question 26

this pregnancy disease is caused by a relative lack of carbohydrates (large litter or inadequate nutrition), then ketosis develops, C/S anorexia late gestation and ketone bodies in urine but no glycosuria

Answer 26

pregnancy toxemias (5% dextrose or pregnancy termination to treat)

Question 27

this pregnancy disease occurs during diestrus when progesterone is high --> growth hormone are high --> Gh antagonizes insulin

Answer 27

diabetes mellitus

Question 28

this postpartum disease occurs within 1 week of whelping due to either retained fetal membrane or pup, see malodorous vaginal discharge, fever, degenerative neutrophils in the discharge

Answer 28

acute puerperal metritis

Question 29

this postpartum disease occurs mostly in postpartum females but can occur in lactating pseudopregnant animals. see purulent discharge from affected teats (E coli, staphylococci, streptococci)

Answer 29

mastitis

Question 30

how to treat acute puerperal metritis

Answer 30

needs antibiotics, supportive therapy for medical treatment to surgical OHE

Question 31

how to treat mastitis

Answer 31

allow pups to nurse unless abscess/gangrene antibiotics: clavamox or cephalosporins sx may be needed: drain and flush with 1% providing-iodine

Question 32

this postpartum disease is caused by trophoblast cells not degenerating, but instead invading endometrium and myometrium more common in primiparous females <3y, get spontaneous remission, hemorrhagic discharge, but no systemic illness

Answer 32

SIPS sub involution of placental sites

Question 33

terminating pregnancy: what progesterone antagonist can you give

Answer 33

aglepristone (Aziline) 2 doses 24 hours apart, 3-10 days after second inject pregnancy terminates

Question 34

terminating pregnancy: what drug has side effects of vomiting, hyper salivation, defecation (subside in 60 min)

Answer 34

PGF2 alpha

Question 35

terminating pregnancy: what drug has a 9.5 day course of treatment and can be administered orally at home

Answer 35

dexamethasone

Question 36

terminating pregnancy: what drug not to use (was used historically)

Answer 36

estrogens due to severe side effects

Question 37

***canine brucellosis: do all infected dogs show symptoms?***

Answer 37

no! can spread due to asymptomatic dogs

Question 38

this bacterial disease causes late term abortions and most dogs with it have positive blood cultures for up to one year, and is ***definitively diagnosed though blood culture***

Answer 38

canine brucellosis

Question 39

***canine brucellosis: why do we euthanize all infected dogs?***

Answer 39

can persist in kennels even after antibiotics treatment. also there is zoonotic risk, but idk if this is really a reason for euth or a side note

Question 40

canine brucellosis: what available on-site serology test can we use to diagnose? is this a very sensitive and specific test?

Answer 40

rapid slide agglutination test, RSAT - Ab against surface antigens - ***autoantibodies cross-react strongly with Ab to several nonpathogenic bacteria*** so false positives common (low specificity), therefore use only as screening test - sensitivity is good

Question 41

we want to get a definitive diagnosis for canine brucellosis. what test do we use?

Answer 41

agar gel immunodiffusion, AGID - more specific than RSAT, but not available as on-site test

Question 42

Campylobacter is a GI disease with reported vaginal hemorrhagic discharge, GI disease, and in some cases abortion. ***is it zoonotic?***

Answer 42

yes, dog to human and human to dog

Question 43

what are some common bacteria that can be isolated from vaginal discharge in dogs who have aborted?

Answer 43

abortions: brucella canis, campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, e coli, leptospirosis Bratislava normal finding, nnec abortions: streptococci, mycoplasma, ureaplasma

Question 44

what bacterial disease of the female can result in abortions, uveitis, meningitis, infertility, and is transmitted trough urine and rarely venereal? is it zoonotic?

Answer 44

Leptospirosis L. bratislava = infertility and abortion yes, zoonotic

Question 45

what 2 bacteria can be part of normal vaginal flora but cause disease if in large enough numbers? cause poor conception, EED, fetal resorption, stillborn pups, weak pups, neonatal death more likely in overcrowded kennels

Answer 45

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Question 46

this fatal viral disease in newborn pups, transmitted by licking/ coughing/in utero/venereal spread, spreads from naive pregnant mom to fetus, causing fetal death, mummification, abortion, and stillbirth

Answer 46

canine herpesvirus