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SMAD 101 FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

morals

A

an individual’s code of behavior based on religious or philosophical principles. they define right and wrong in ways that may or may not be rational

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2
Q

ethics

A

a rational way of deciding what is good for individuals or society and provide a way to choose between competing moral principles and help people decide in cases where there is not a clear-cut answer

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3
Q

golden mean

A

aristotle’s notion that ethical behavior comes from hitting a balance, a “just right point between excess and defect”

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4
Q

categorical imperative

A

kant’s idea of a moral obligation that we should act in a way in which we would be willing to have everyone else act (principle of universality)

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5
Q

principle of utility

A

john stuart mill’s principle that ethical behavior arises from that which will provide the greatest good for the greatest number of people, focuses on consequences

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6
Q

veil of ignorance

A

john rawl’s principle of ethics that says that justice comes from making decisions that maximize liberty for all people and without considering which outcome will give us personally the biggest benefit

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7
Q

ombudsman

A

a representative of a publication’s readers who take the point of view of those who purchase or consume the news (reader’s representative/audience advocate)

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8
Q

gamergate

A

a series of attacks on woman in the video game industry that is framed as a critique of video gaming journalism ethics

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9
Q

social justice warriors

A

a negative term used within the #gamergate community and elsewhere to describe people who advocate for socially progressive causes, especially women’s equality

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10
Q

sensationalism

A

news coverage that panders to audiences with lurid and high emotional stories of crime, sex, violence, and celebrities

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11
Q

tabloid laundering

A

when respectable media report on what tabloids are covering

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12
Q

hutchin’s 5 requirements for a responsible press

A
  1. media should be truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the day’s events in a way that gives them meaning
  2. media should serve as a forum to allow for comments and criticism
  3. the media should project a representative picture of the constituent groups within the society
  4. the media should present and clarify the goals and values of society
  5. the media should provide full access to the day’s news
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13
Q

sissela bok

A

emphasizing truth telling as moral value

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14
Q

janet cook from the washington post

A

wrote about an 8 year old heroin addict that didn’t exist

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15
Q

stephen glass

A

had a dream gig covering technology trends for the new republic, but made up stories, events, and companies and lied to cover it up (“shattered glass”)

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16
Q

jaysin blair

A

mastered the art of pretending where he was using information bits from different places

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17
Q

effects of tabloid laundering and sensationalism

A

lowers the level of discourse down to the crude, pushes aside other consequential stories, appeals to our worst instincts instead of intelligence and sense of decency

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18
Q

conflicts of interest

A

when someone in media is involved in telling a story where they have a connection to it (professional, personal, etc.)

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19
Q

society of professional journalists code of ethics

A
  1. seek truth and report it
  2. act independently- not accepting favors/gifts from sources
  3. minimize harm- treat everyone you write about as a human being deserving of respect
  4. be accountable and transparent
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20
Q

puffery example

A

a company having the “best coffee in the world”

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21
Q

alien and sedition acts

A

laws passed in 1798 that made it a crime to criticize the US gov

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22
Q

libel

A

a published statement that unjustifiably exposed someone to ridicule or contempt: for a statement to be libel, it must satisfy the 3 elements of defamation, identification, and publication (must be false)

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23
Q

actual malice

A

a reckless disregard for the truth or falsity of a published account; this became the standard for libel plaintiffs who were public figures or public officials after the supreme court’s decision in new york times co v. sullivan

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24
Q

privilege

A

a legal defense against libel that statements made in government meetings, in court, or in government documents cannot be used as the basis for a libel suit

25
intrusion
invasion of privacy by physical trespass into a space surrounding a person's body or onto property under his or her control, or by intrusion of property
26
embarrassment
invasion of privacy where a journalist publishes something that is true, but embarrassing and not newsworthy about a person
27
false light
invasion of privacy in which a journalist publishes untrue statements that alter a person's public image in a way that he or she cannot control. (student video of him walking across campus being on the top of an article for STDs)
28
misappropriation
invasion of privacy by using a person's name or image for commercial purposes without his or her permission
29
prior restraint
a judicial order that stops a media organization from publishing/broadcasting a story or image
30
shield laws
laws that give journalists special protection from having to testify in court about their stories or sources
31
obscenity
sexually explicit material that is legally prohibited from being published
32
equal time provision
an FCC policy that requires broadcast stations to make equivalent amounts of broadcast time available to all candidates running for public office
33
fairness doctrine
a former FCC policy that required television stations to "afford reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views on issues of public importance"
34
net neutrality
rules that would require internet service providers to give equal access to all online content providers
35
the first 5 freedoms of the 1st amendment
speech, religion, press, assembly, right to petition the government
36
the roots of american free speech
john peter zenger (1700s)- publisher for the new york journal, which had accused the new york gov of corruption...zenger went to prison for seditious libel
37
defenses against libel include...
truth, privilege, opinions
38
new york times v. sullivan
- in the era of civil rights - ad in NYT had called out local alabama officials for abhorrent behavior during civil rights protest - newspaper had very minor errors (days it happened) - city commissioner issued a libel suit against newspaper - supreme court took over case and said mistakes were not malice - NYT won
39
publishing of private (embarrassing) criteria
1. they must be published/publicly disclosed 2. facts must be private/not generally known 3. publication of private facts must be offensive to a reasonable person 4. the facts must not be newsworthy
40
near v. minnesota
near was a newspaper owner who made fun of jewish people and minnesota blocked it from being published, near won
41
the pentagon papers (nyt and washington post)
- someone photocopied documents about every president's administration before nixon - showed US gov was lying about sending soldiers to vietnam - gov said NYT couldn't post docs
42
hazelwood v. kuhlmeier
US supreme court case that determined that the 1st amendment does not protect all types of student speech in school
43
roth v. US
a 1957 supreme court decision ruling that "obscenity is not within the area of constitutionality protected or press"
44
miller v. california
- started with roth test - states can ban specific types of content (child porn) - material that has literary, artistic, political, or scientific value can't be banned (LAPS test)
45
3 pronged miller test (supreme court has said juries can determine whether something is obscene by...)
1. deciding whether the average person in that community would find the content to appeal to prurient interests 2. deciding whether the average person would find what the content depicts or describes sexual conduct in an offensive way 3. deciding whether a reasonable person finds that the matter-taken as a whole- lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
46
copyright
corporate copyright protection last 95 years from the time it was published...or 120 hears from the time it was created...70 years after creators death
47
dominion/fox news case
fox anchors knew they were giving false information in terms of balloting and were sued for malice
48
marketplace of ideas
roots in philosophy (mill), the best test of truth is the power of the thoughts to get itself accepted in the competition of the marketplace; justice oliver wendell holmes in abrams v. US decision regarding 1918 sedition act
49
authoritarian theory
says the role of the press is to be a servant of the government, not the citizenry
50
communist theory
says the press is to be run by the government to serve the government's own needs
51
libertarian theory
says the press does not belong to the government, but it is instead a separate institution that belongs to the people and is an independent observer of the government
52
social responsibility theory
based on the concern that, although the press may be free from interference from the government, it can still be controlled by corporate interests
53
development theory
states that developing nations may need to implement press controls in order to promote industry, national identity, and partnerships with neighboring nations
54
al jazeera
the largest and most viewed arabic-language satellite news channel. it is run out of Qatar and has 40mil viewers
55
small media
alternative media (fax machines, photocopiers, video cameras, and personal websites) are used to distribute news and information that might be suppressed by the government if published
56
BBC
british broadcasting company created as public service
57
marie colvin
sunday times in london correspondent, rocket killed her in syria in 2012
58
jason rezaian
washington post reporter imprisoned in Iran because they thought he was a spy
59
jamal khashoggi
saudi arabian journalist and washington post colomnist was killed by saudi government

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