SLR 7 + SLR 8 - TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE + PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS Flashcards
What are the 2 types of programming language?
- high level languages
- low level languages
What are some examples of low level languages?
- machine code
- assembly language
What is used to translate assembly language into machine code?
an assembler
LMC instruction set (11)
- ADD (add)
- SUB (subtract)
- STA (store)
- LDA (load)
- BRA (branch always)
- BRZ (branch if 0)
- BRP (branch if positive)
- INP (input)
- OUT (output)
- HLT (end program)
- DAT (data location)
What are the 4 methods of addressing?
- immediate
- direct
- indirect
- indexed
What is immediate addressing?
- value in the address part of the instruction is the actual value to be used (so memory does not need to be searched to find that required value)
- eg: ADD 10 literally means add 10 (not add value stored in memory address 10)
What is direct addressing?
- value in the address part of the instruction refers to the address in memory where the required value is located
- eg: ADD 10 means add the value that’s located in memory address location 10
What is indirect addressing?
- value in the address part of the instruction refers to the memory location that contains the address in memory where the required value is located
- this is useful as it means larger address ranges can be used to reference data and instructions
- eg: ADD 10 means add the value that’s located in the memory address location that was stored in memory address location 10
What is indexed addressing?
- a method where the final memory address is calculated by adding a constant value (the offset) to the contents of an index register
- this allows efficient access to data stored in consecutive memory locations, such as arrays
- eg: the index register contains the value 5. the instruction ADD 10 refers to memory location 10 + 5 = 15. the CPU retrieves the value stored at memory location 15 and adds it to the accumulator (or the current working register)
What are the main programming paradigms?
- low level languages,
- object-orientated languages
- declarative languages
- procedural languages
- functional languages
What are Turing complete languages?
programming languages that can solve all problems that a computer is able to solve (most programming languages in most programming paradigms)
Why do we need different programming paradigms?
some problems are better suited to being solved using a certain paradigm
What are the 2 types of high level languages?
- imperative (focus on describing how a program operates)
- declarative (focus on describing what the program should accomplish)
What are the 2 main paradigms that fall under imperative languages?
- procedural programming
- object-oriented programming
What are features of procedural languages?
- variables
- constants
- sequence
- selection
- iteration
- subroutines
- string handling
- operators
What is object-oriented programming (OOP)?
a programming paradigm that attempts to capture or group info into structured items (objects)
What is a class?
defines what attributes and methods an object of a certain type should have (template so every object made from that class has the same attributes
What are the 3 sections of a class diagram?
- class name
- attributes (all info shared by any any object of this class type)
- methods (code associated with a class that allows you to change/access attributes)
What is instantiation?
the process of creating an object from a class template
Example of code to define a class (pseudocode)
class (class name) (eg: toyTank)
private colour
private name
public procedure new (givenColour , givenName)
colour = givenColour
name = givenName
end procedure
public procedure getColour()
print("my colour is " + colour)
end procedure
public procedure getName()
print("my colour is " + name)
end procedure
public procedure setColour(newColour)
colour = newColour
end procedure
public procedure setName(newName)
name = newName
end procedure endclass
Example of code to create objects from the class template (pseudocode)
(objectone) = new (class name)(“(colour)”, “(name)”)
(objecttwo) = new (class name)(“(colour)”, “(name)”)
(objectthree) = new (class name)(“(colour)”, “(name)”)
eg:
tankone = new toyTank(“blue”, “trevor”)
tanktwo = new toyTank(“red”, “tim”)
tankthree = new toyTank(“green”, “tony”)
Example of code to get and set object names and colours (pseudocode)
(objectone).getName
(objectone).setName(“(name)”)
(objectone).getColour
(objectone).setColour(“(colour)”)
eg:
(tankone).getName
(tankone).setName(“tom”)
(tankone).getColour
(tankone).setColour(“yellow”)
What is inheritance?
- a way of creating classes that share most of the same features as another class
- subclass inherits details of superclass and adds additional attributes and methods required
Code for inheritance (pseudocode)
class (subclass name) inherits (superclass name)
etc….
endclass
What is encapsulation?
the bundling of data with the methods that operate on and restrict direct access to it
What is encapsulation used for?
- used to hide values/internal state of an object, preventing direct access by unauthorised parties
- helps keep data related to an object safe (it can’t be accidentally altered by another part if the program without using the code provided in the methods)
What is polymorphism?
where a single method takes different forms depending on the class that’s using it
What are the 2 main types of polymorphism in OOP?
- static
- dynamic
What is static polymorphism?
static polymorphism allows you to implement multiple methods of the same name but with different parameters within the same class (known as method overloading)
In what ways must the parameter sets differ for static polymorphism?
- must differ in at least one of these ways:
- each method needs to have a diff no. of parameters (eg: 1 method takes 2 parameters while another takes 3)
- the types of parameter need to be different (eg: 1 method accepts a string the other accepts an integer)
- parameters need to be accepted in diff orders (eg: 1 method accepts a string then an integer and another accepts an integer then a string)
What is dynamic polymorphism?
both methods share the same name and parameters but they provide different functionality depending on whether they’re implemented by the superclass or the subclass
