SLP, HR, DV Flashcards

Question

positive right

Answer 1

positive actions to promote rights, e.g. right to free education

Answer 2

an effective justice system must be governed by the rule of law and not by those in power, meaning that everyone is subject to the same law, no one is above the law and everyone has the right to fair trial. this upholds human rights

Answer 3

Freedom of individuals to live a life free of interference wherein they can flourish. Article 3-21 of UDHR are natural rights/ first generation rights. predominantly negative rights

Answer 4

All individuals are treated the same as per second generation rights mostly positive and require governments to provide free education, adequate healthcare and to protect the right of equal pay

Answer 5

generally apply to cultural or community rights (from local to global), such as rights to peace, development and relationships with the natural environment

Answer 6

highly interdependent, for example, right to access education is connected to freedom of thought and speech. Threats to human rights are usually systemic, as the government is responsible for the protection of rights

Answer 7

codification, protection, promotion and monitoring

Answer 8

formal definition in law codification is more effective at a national level than international or regional level, where there are fewer courts to enforce the law

Answer 9

describes development as the struggle to fulfill human needs, from biological to self actualisation self actualisation: pursue inner talent, creativity and fulfilment self esteem: achievement mastery, recognition, respect Belonging: love, friends, family, spouse, lover safety: security, stability, freedom from fear physiological: food, water, shelter, warmth

Answer 10

active protection of rights through independent courts protection of human rights at the international and regional level is challenged by the inability of courts to enforce the law on member states, but national court cannot always be dependent on to protect human rights because they are often the violators of those rights

Answer 11

groups championing human rights, for example NGOs like Amnesty International the promotion of human rights suffers in nations who do not uphold them, and at the regional and international level where it is not always unbiased

Answer 12

Some argue that a single set of HR does not recognise a diversity of cultural, ethnic or religious values nations often argue that their unique cultural or religious identities are not compatible with the rights set out in the UDHR critics argue that relativists pick and choose HR to suit political circumstances or fail to challenge outdated traditions

Answer 13

active monitoring of rights through independent bodies, e.g. UN HR council and NGOs the role of monitoring often falls on objective NGOs or other organisations particularly in states abusing human rights who are unwilling to monitor their own record

Answer 14

A significant challenge in HR protection is the lack of consistency in treatment of rights violations in different states, caused by political issues. Given the power of the UN HR council in authoritizing military action or focusing on convictions in one state rather than another, there is an argument that HR are just arguments used for political gain. HR enforcement can also thus be affected by social opinion and other agendas

Answer 15

the extent to which people's freedoms and oppurtunities are maximised, with a link to well being

Answer 16

economic growth through the increase of productivity and revenue

Answer 17

development in terms of social development, like gender equality

Answer 18

GDP per capita, mean - simple and accessible - does not consider income distribution gini coefficent - considers distribution of income (closer to 0, more equal), supports info from GDP - requires further support in some cases

Answer 19

Human development index (HDI): - considers life expectancy, education and income - describes long term changes, rather than short term Happy Plant Index: - consider impact on environment - disregards issues such as HR or non-CO2 impacts on environment

Answer 20

based on the western model for development, suggesting only one path to development 1. traditional society with subsitence agriculture , low levels of technology 2. societies introduce money and a class of entrepenurs with scientific values forms 3. values which encourage economic growth are common and economic sectors forms 4. economies diversifies with a variety of goods. standards rise and poverty decreases 5. wealth leads to the mass consumption of consumer goods

Answer 21

rooted in marxism, focuses on the structure of the world economy. believes that underdeveloped states are locked into an unequal system of trade and exist on the periphery of the economy. The development of the industralised west came with the exploitation of others. However, it can lead states to nationalise economically at a massive cost

Answer 22

the free market is the most efficent and fair way to generate economic growth. Free enterprise leads to healthy competition which results in a stronger economy. The government ought to spend less on public services, which will encourage more people to work for their own living -privatisation of services doesn't necessarily lower corruption or efficent use of resources - 'trickle down' theory puts too much power in the hands of the rich , who ultimately make decisions to benefit themselves

Answer 23

lighter version of neo-liberalism, wherein strong institutions and the free market coexist. it finds balance between deregulation and strong government which respects individual liberties

Answer 24

the process of interaction and integration, occuring between peoples, trading entities and governments

Answer 25

interdependence of economies globally, states access freer of movement of capital and have access to cheaper labour, MNCs access more trade and investment oppurtunities, mixing of cultures via products and foods, and there is less potential for armed conflict because economies are interdependent

Answer 26

increasing global governance, the influence of IGOs and NGOs, citizens and private groups can access powerful groups beyond their nation, states are more accoutnable to IGOs and NGOs and cultural norms are promoted on a global platform, e.g. UDHR and Human Rights

Answer 27

sharing of ideas, meanings and values across the world. usually, as a result of media products. citizens access rights, norms and expectations which influence ideals and aspirations, cultures are homogenized (western culture around the world) or hybridised (mixing of cultural/religeous norms)

Answer 28

global economic growth improvement of standards of living spread of democracy, greater freedoms cultural development leading to acknowledgement of rights of marginalised groups

Answer 29

growing wealth gap within nations (class divide as a result of pre-existing wealth) wage and price competition and the lowering of minimum wages/ prices which benefits large corporations but not workers, as major groups can find cheaper labour across the world and consumers find the cheapest product. Lack of regulation of safety and workers rights Lack of cultural diversity- movement toward western monoculture around the world, especially in enterprise, where corporations of other cultures struggle

Answer 30

the capacity of countries and groups to maintain themselves by reducing factors which threaten wellbeing

Answer 31

establishing infrastructure for transport, investing in education and research, increasing jobs and reducing corruption influence of globalisation: new ideas and market oppurtunities, new technology, reducing tariffs

Answer 32

reducing factors which impact human social wellbeing by addressing poverty, social injustice and discrimination against marginalised groups (women, LGBTQ+, race divides) influence of globalisation: new ideas about gender roles and oppurtunities for women to run businesses. new technologies (e.g. contraception) also has influence

Answer 33

ensuring long-term reliance on the environment. there is a point of tension between poor and rich countries (Northern hemisphere- often rich, southern hemisphere often poor) about addressing environmental sustainability. Rich countries benefitted off of destroying the environment to develop, but now there is a higher standard set for developing economies

Answer 34

the absense of violent conflict. measuring peace can become complicated so a deeper assessment of harmony within an area is required

Answer 35

an abscense of active, organised violence by both state and nonstate groups. there is some ambiguity, however, due to class divides or other violence within states realist view: the natural form of peace in a world of anarchy liberalist view: the first step toward positive peace

Answer 36

individuals within society working together despite differences, measured via polls - which indicate public attitude, e.g. reconciliation and forgiveness

Answer 37

physical or psychological harm via physical force or societal structures. reducing violence involves ceasefire

Answer 38

observes methods of sustaining peace beyond negative peace, where conflict is neutralised and society is just realist view: unrealistic as it is natural for states to compete and for conflict to arise liberal view: the desired end state in conflict situations (achieveable). requires reconcilation and growth on alls ides