słówka na kolosa Flashcards
1
Q
What are cost centers?
A
Business units where budgets are spent, tracked for expense management.
2
Q
What are profit centers?
A
Units responsible for generating profits within a company.
3
Q
Define variance analysis.
A
Comparing planned costs or income with actual results to spot differences.
4
Q
What is standard costing?
A
A method of estimating costs based on predetermined standards.
5
Q
Define marginal costing.
A
A costing method focusing on variable costs per unit of output.
6
Q
What does valuing refer to?
A
The process of determining the worth of assets or a company.
7
Q
What is ratio analysis?
A
Using financial ratios to evaluate performance or compare companies.
8
Q
What are profitability ratios?
A
Ratios measuring a company’s ability to generate profit.
9
Q
Define leverage ratios.
A
Ratios showing the extent of debt financing versus equity.
10
Q
What are activity ratios?
A
Ratios assessing how efficiently a company uses its resources.
11
Q
Who is a treasurer?
A
A financial officer managing cash flow and funding.
12
Q
What does it mean to manage?
A
To control or oversee, as in managing cash flow.
13
Q
Fill in the blank: To _______ means to collect or obtain money.
A
Raise
14
Q
What is the role of the Chief Accounting Officer?
A
The top executive responsible for accounting and financial reporting.
15
Q
Define tax returns.
A
Documents filed with tax authorities reporting income and taxes owed.
16
Q
What does it mean to minimize?
A
To reduce something, like taxes, to the smallest possible amount.
17
Q
What are late payments?
A
Payments made after their due date.
18
Q
Define non-payments.
A
Failure to pay amounts owed.
19
Q
What does unforeseen mean?
A
Unexpected or not anticipated, as in unforeseen costs.
20
Q
What is over-borrowing?
A
Borrowing more money than a company can comfortably repay.
21
Q
What are gross sales?
A
Total sales revenue before deductions like returns or discounts.
22
Q
What are sales returns?
A
Goods returned by customers, reducing gross sales.
23
Q
Define sales discounts.
A
Reductions in price offered to encourage early payment.
24
Q
What are net sales?
A
Gross sales minus returns, discounts, and allowances.
25
What are purchases?
Goods or materials bought for production or resale.
26
Who are manual workers?
Employees performing physical labor, often in production.
27
What are transport costs?
Expenses related to moving goods.
28
Define selling expenses.
Costs tied to marketing and selling products, like advertising.
29
What is advertising?
Paid promotion of goods or services.
30
What are general expenses?
Overhead costs not tied to specific products, like rent or utilities.
31
What is insurance?
A contract protecting against financial loss.
32
What does rent refer to?
Payment for using property or space.
33
What are utilities?
Services like electricity, water, or heating, listed as expenses.
34
What are office supplies?
Items used in administrative tasks, like paper or pens.
35
What does miscellaneous mean?
Small, varied expenses not fitting other categories.
36
What is operating profit?
Profit from core business activities before interest and taxes.
37
Define non-operating income.
Revenue from activities outside the main business, like investments.
38
What is interest paid?
Cost of borrowing money from a bank or lender.
39
What is net income?
Profit after all expenses, taxes, and deductions.
40
What does turnover refer to?
Another term for revenue or total sales.
41
What is cash at bank?
Money held in bank accounts, part of current assets.
42
Define accounts receivable.
Money owed by customers for goods or services sold on credit.
43
What is inventory?
Stock of goods, including raw materials and finished products.
44
What is a building in financial terms?
A physical structure owned by the company, a fixed asset.
45
What are improvements?
Enhancements to property increasing its value.
46
What is accumulated depreciation?
Total depreciation recorded for an asset since its purchase.
47
What does equipment refer to?
Tools or machinery used in operations, a fixed asset.
48
What are vehicles in a business context?
Company-owned cars or trucks, classified as fixed assets.
49
What is furniture in terms of business assets?
Movable items like desks or chairs, part of fixed assets.
50
Define fixtures.
Permanent attachments to a building, like lighting.
51
What are intangible assets?
Non-physical assets, such as patents or goodwill.
52
What is bank debt?
Money owed to a bank, including loans or overdrafts.
53
Define accounts payable.
Money owed to suppliers for goods or services.
54
What are accrued taxes?
Taxes owed but not yet paid, recorded as a liability.
55
What are accrued salaries?
Wages earned by employees but not yet paid.
56
What is a mortgage?
A loan secured by property, a long-term liability.
57
Define bonds payable.
Debt owed to bondholders, repayable at maturity.
58
What is share capital?
Funds raised by issuing shares at a company’s inception.
59
What does retained profit mean?
Earnings kept in the company after dividends are paid.
60
What is goodwill?
An intangible asset reflecting a company’s reputation or customer base.
61
What does it mean to own?
To have legal possession of something, like assets.
62
What does it mean to owe?
To be obligated to pay someone, as with liabilities.
63
Define tangible assets.
Physical assets that can be touched, like equipment.
64
What are intangible assets?
Non-physical assets, like trademarks or licenses.
65
Who is a debtor?
A person or entity that owes money to the company.
66
What is a creditor?
A person or entity to whom the company owes money.
67
Define incurred.
Expenses or obligations taken on but not yet paid.
68
What are direct costs?
Costs tied to producing specific goods, like raw materials.
69
What are variable costs?
Costs that change with production levels, like labor.
70
Define fixed costs.
Costs that remain constant regardless of output, like rent.
71
What are indirect costs?
Costs not tied to a specific product, like utilities.
72
What does capital expenditure refer to?
Spending on long-term assets like machinery (often “capex”).
73
What are marginal costs?
The cost of producing one additional unit of output.
74
What is income?
Money received, often synonymous with revenue.
75
Define spending.
The act of using money for expenses or investments.
76
What are invoices?
Documents requesting payment for goods or services.
77
What does leasing mean?
Renting assets instead of buying them outright.
78
What is settlement?
Full payment of a bill or debt.
79
Define discount.
A reduction in price offered as an incentive.
80
What is forecasting?
Predicting future trends, like sales or expenses.
81
What does allocate mean?
To distribute resources, like budgets, to specific areas.
82
What does overspend mean?
Spending more than the allocated budget.
83
Fill in the blank: To _______ means to separate into parts.
Break down
84
What does budgeted mean?
Amounts set aside in a financial plan.
85
What does escalating refer to?
Increasing rapidly, as with costs.
86
What does estimated mean?
An approximate calculation, like estimated costs.
87
What does likely mean?
Expected or probable, as in likely costs.
88
What does rising refer to?
Going up, as with rising expenses.
89
What does bring down mean?
To reduce, as in bringing down costs.
90
What does cut mean?
To decrease sharply, like cutting expenses.
91
What does generate mean?
To produce or create, as in generating profits.
92
What does reinvest mean?
To put profits back into the business.
93
What does accurate mean?
Precise and correct, as in accurate figures.
94
What does approximate mean?
Close but not exact, like an approximate figure.
95
What does deceptive mean?
Misleading or false, as in deceptive figures.
96
What does falsify mean?
To alter data dishonestly.
97
What are liquidity ratios?
Ratios measuring ability to pay short-term debts.
98
What are debt ratios?
Ratios showing reliance on borrowed funds.
99
What are activity ratios?
Ratios evaluating operational efficiency.
100
What are securities?
Tradable financial instruments like stocks or bonds.
101
What are equities?
Ownership shares in a company, synonymous with stocks.
102
What are bonds?
Debt instruments issued to raise capital, repayable with interest.
103
What are money market instruments?
Short-term securities like T-bills or commercial paper.
104
What are shares?
Units of ownership in a company, publicly or privately held.
105
Who is a fund manager?
A professional managing investments in a fund.
106
What is a mutual fund?
A pooled investment vehicle buying a portfolio of securities.
107
What is a stock exchange?
A marketplace for trading stocks and securities.
108
What is an index?
A measure of market performance based on selected stocks.
109
What does track mean in finance?
To follow closely, as a fund tracks an index.
110
What is a dividend?
A payment to shareholders from company profits.
111
What is capital growth?
An increase in investment value over time.
112
What is a coupon?
The interest payment on a bond.
113
What does maturity refer to?
The date a bond’s principal is repaid.
114
What does principal mean?
The original amount of a loan or bond.
115
What are high-yield bonds?
Risky bonds with higher interest rates (junk bonds).
116
What is forex?
The market for trading currency pairs like EUR/USD.
117
What does hedge mean?
To protect against financial risk with an offsetting position.
118
What is a commodity?
A raw material traded, like oil or gold.
119
Define speculation.
High-risk investing for potential high returns.
120
What are investment banks?
Institutions handling securities issuance and mergers.
121
What are pension funds?
Funds saving for retirement payouts.
122
What are insurance companies?
Companies offering risk protection for premiums.
123
What are endowments?
Funds supporting non-profit goals, like universities.
124
What does investing mean?
Buying assets for long-term returns.
125
What is trading?
Buying and selling assets for short-term gains.
126
What does growth refer to in finance?
An increase, as in earnings or market value.
127
What is profitability?
The ability to generate profit.
128
What is cash flow?
Money moving in and out of a business.
129
What does debt mean?
Money borrowed and owed.
130
What are barriers to entry?
Obstacles for new competitors entering a market.
131
What is price elasticity?
How price changes affect demand.
132
Define substitution.
Replacing one product with another.
133
What are capital requirements?
Funds needed to start or run a business.
134
What is market penetration?
The extent of a company’s market share.
135
What does volume refer to in finance?
The amount of securities traded.
136
What is breadth in the stock market?
The number of stocks moving with an index.
137
What does momentum mean in finance?
The strength of a market trend.
138
What is inflation?
Rising prices reducing purchasing power.
139
What is consumer confidence?
How willing consumers are to spend money.
140
What is a tracker fund?
A fund mirroring an index’s performance.
141
What does fixed rate mean?
An unchanging interest rate on a loan or bond.
142
What is a junk bond?
A high-risk, high-yield corporate bond.
143
What is risk management?
Strategies to minimize financial losses.
144
What does booming mean in an economic context?
A rapidly growing market or economy.
145
What does depressed refer to in market terms?
A market with low activity or value.
146
What does falling mean in finance?
Decreasing, as with stock prices.
147
What does rising mean in market terms?
Increasing, as with market trends.
148
What does acquire mean?
To purchase or take ownership of something.
149
What does hold mean in investment?
To keep possession of an asset, like shares.
150
What is Nasdaq?
A U.S. electronic stock exchange, tech-focused.
151
What is S&P 500?
An index of 500 large U.S. companies.
152
What is FTSE?
An index of 100 large UK companies.
153
What is DAX?
An index of 30 large German companies.
154
What is CAC?
An index of 40 large French companies.
155
What is income in a financial context?
Money received, often from investments.
156
What does volatility refer to?
The degree of price fluctuation in a market.
157
What is a merger?
The combining of two companies into one.
158
What is an acquisition?
Buying out another company.
159
What is a portfolio?
A collection of investments.
160
What is earnings growth?
The rate at which a company’s profits increase.
161
What is P/E ratio?
Share price divided by earnings per share.
162
What is dividend yield?
Annual dividend as a percentage of share price.
163
What is market capitalization?
Total value of a company’s shares.
164
What is return on equity?
Profit relative to shareholders’ investment.
165
What does cheap mean in financial terms?
Low-priced, often relative to value (e.g., shares).
166
What does steady refer to in finance?
Consistent or reliable, as in steady income.
167
What is resistance in stock trading?
A price level resisting further increase.
168
What is support in trading terms?
A price level preventing further decline.
169
What is a trading channel?
Parallel lines on a chart containing price movements.
170
What does breadth mean in market analysis?
Participation of stocks in a market move.
171
What does leadership refer to in a market context?
The type of companies driving market trends.
172
What is profit relative to shareholders’ investment?
The return on investment for shareholders
173
Define 'cheap' in financial terms.
Low-priced, often relative to value
174
What does 'steady' mean in a financial context?
Consistent or reliable, as in steady income
175
What is meant by 'resistance' in trading?
A price level resisting further increase
176
What does 'support' refer to in market analysis?
A price level preventing further decline
177
What is a trading channel?
Parallel lines on a chart containing price movements
178
What does 'breadth' indicate in market movements?
Participation of stocks in a market move
179
What is 'leadership' in the context of market trends?
The type of companies driving market trends
180
Define 'liquidity' in financial terms.
Availability of cash or ease of converting assets
181
Who is a buyer?
A party purchasing goods or securities
182
Who is a seller?
A party selling goods or securities
183
What are exports?
Goods sold to foreign markets
184
What are imports?
Goods bought from foreign markets
185
What is a surplus?
Excess, as in a trade surplus
186
Define 'differential' in financial terms.
A gap, like interest rate differences
187
What is an interest rate?
The cost of borrowing or return on savings
188
True or False: 'Garbage' refers to high-quality financial advice.
False
189
What does 'beat' mean in financial performance?
To outperform, as in beating the market
190
Fill in the blank: To use money for purchases or investments is to _______.
Spend
191
What does 'enjoy' mean in financial terms?
To take pleasure in, as in enjoying money now
192
What does 'rise' indicate in market trends?
To increase, as with stock prices or currency value
193
What does 'fall' indicate in market trends?
To decrease, as with market trends
194
What does it mean to 'agree' in a financial discussion?
To express approval or alignment with a statement
195
What does it mean to 'disagree' in a financial discussion?
To express opposition to a statement
196
What should you focus on in Chapter 9 regarding accounting?
Terms related to financial statements, costs, and accounting processes
197
What vocabulary should you learn in Chapter 10 about financial markets?
Terms related to securities, markets, and analysis
198
Fill in the blank: A method of studying involves writing each word with a translation on one side and _______ on the other.
description in English
199
What is the benefit of practicing exercises from the text?
Helps reinforce vocabulary in context
200
What should you create to compare similar terms?
A comparative table
201
What are 'fixed costs'?
Costs that do not change with the level of production
202
What are 'variable costs'?
Costs that vary with the level of production
203
What are 'direct costs'?
Costs that can be directly attributed to a specific product or service
204
What are 'indirect costs'?
Costs that are not directly attributable to a specific product or service
