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phonetics and phonology > Slides > Flashcards

Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Phone?

A

a phone is the basic of phonetics a sound

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2
Q

What is Phonology?

A

the generalization of phonetic knowledge from the linguistic point of view ​ it is a linguistic discipline studying the sound level of language​ phonetics vs. phonology = speech vs. language​ concrete vs. abstract

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3
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

the basic unit of phonology: the abstract, system-functional unit of the sound level of language, it has form but no meaning, ​ only meaning-distinctive function​

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4
Q

What is transcription ?

A

1/ an alphabetic system (notation) 2/ an analphabetic system (notation) The end of the 19th century – the transcription of IPA 1. phonetic transcription [] 2. phonological (phonemic) / /

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5
Q

What is Phonetics ?

A

complex study of speech sounds that are studies from three different points of view:​ 1.point of view of the speaker – articulatory phonetics​ 2.point of view of the transmission of the sound – acoustic phonetics ​ 3.point of view of the hearer – auditory phonetics

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6
Q

What is The alphabetic system (notation)

A

contains symbols taken from Latin or Greek alphabet, and one simple symbol is used for one sound, segment; e. g. [i:] as in word bee​

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7
Q

What is The an analphabetic system (notation)

A

one sound segment is recorded by symbols made up from more signs; e. g. 7kδ0ε1​

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8
Q

What is phonetic transcription

A

a symbol represents a sound (phone), written in [];​

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9
Q

What is phonological phonemic transcription

A

a symbol represents a phoneme, written in / /.​

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10
Q

ɪ

A

Kn[ɪ]t

Knit

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11
Q

e

A

N[e]t

Net

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12
Q

æ

A

N[æ]g

Nag

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13
Q

ʌ

A

N[ʌ]T

Nut

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14
Q

ʊ

A

N[ʊ]k

Nook

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15
Q

ɒ

A

n[ɒ]t

not

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16
Q

ɘ

A

Nad[ɘ]

Nada

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17
Q

i:

A

N[i:]t

Neat

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18
Q

3:

A

N[3:]se

Nurse

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19
Q

ɑ:

A

N[ɑ]cissist

Narcissist

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20
Q

ɔ:

A

N[ɔ:]ghty

Naughty

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21
Q

u:

A

N[u:]n

Noon

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22
Q

Standard English:

North American English

A

Eastern

Southern

Midwest

Standard Accent: General American

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23
Q

Standard English:

British English

A

SOUTHERN

NORTHERN

SCOTTISH

IRISH

WELSH

AUSTRALIAN

Standard Accent: Received Pronunciation

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24
Q

Standard English

A

a language

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25
Q

recieved pronunciation

A

a standard pronunciation

the most intelligible spoken form of standard English

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26
Q

What is

Physiological phonetics?

A

Articulatory (genetic) phonetics

speech production

Auditory (perceptual) phonetics

the process of the reception and the perception of speech sounds

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27
Q

Production of Speech

A

involves:

  1. Respiration
  2. Phonation
  3. Articulation
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28
Q

Upper respiratory tract(conducting passage)

includes?

A

The nasal cavity

The pharynx

The Larynx

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29
Q

The lower Repiratory tract includes (conducting passage)

A

The trachea

The primar bronchi

The lungs

30
Q

The Oral Cavity

Organs or speech/Articulatroy organs

A
  1. lips (labia)
  2. teeth (dentes)
  3. upper jaw (maxilla)
  4. lower jaw (mandible)
  5. alveoli
  6. hard palate (palatum)
  7. soft palate (velum) with
  8. uvula
  9. tongue (lingua) tip (apex)

back (dorsum)

root (radix)

31
Q

eɪ

A

W[eɪ]t

Wait

32
Q

aɪ

A

w[aɪ]

Why

33
Q

ɔɪ

A

B[ɔɪ]y

Boy

34
Q

əʊ

A

W[əʊ]

Woah

Woe

Woh

35
Q

aʊ

A

W[aʊ]

Wow

36
Q

eə

A

W[eə]r

Wear

37
Q

ʊə

A

T[ʊə]r

Tour

38
Q

Sound wave properties​

A

amplitude (loudness)​

measured in decibels (dB) ​

​

  1. frequency (pitch)​

measured Hertz (Hz) ​

​

  1. simplicity or complexity (quality)​

​

  1. wavelength (quantity)​

measured in msec​

​

39
Q

ɪə

A

W[ɪə]d

weird

40
Q

Classification of Sounds​

A

Types of interference:​

1.the opener position – two organs approximate but they are not connected​ Sounds made by the opener position are called the vowel sounds.

2. closure: it is a complete stop of the air passage. ​3. narrowing – two speech organs are brought very close together,

When there is either a closure or a narrowing sounds which come into existence are called consonantal sounds ​

​

​

​

41
Q

From the articulatory point of view:

A

Vowels – free cavities​

Consonants – a kind of obstacle

(a closure or a narrowing)​

​

42
Q

The phonetic point of view

A

vowels – tones of free cavities​

consonants – noises at the place of obstacle​

43
Q

The phonological point of view

A

vowel – a sound forming the peak of the syllable (the syllabic nucleus), ​

​

consonant – a sound having non-syllabic (marginal) function.

44
Q

Vowels​

Classification based on:

A

a/ the position of tongue during articulation,​

b/ the character of lip opening,​

c/ the position of soft palate.​

45
Q

eɪə

A

la[eɪə]

Layer

46
Q

aɪə

A

F[aɪə]

Fire

47
Q

ɔɪə

A

R[ɔɪə]l

Royal

48
Q

əʊə

A

L[əʊə]r

Lower

49
Q

aʊə

A

P[aʊə]r

Power

50
Q

Cardinal Vowels Scheme

A
51
Q

Diphthongs – phonetic characteristics:​

A

glide movement of the tongue from the postion of one vowel to another without interruption​

falling, i. e. the first element is longer and stronger (it is prominent as to length and stress)

​long: diphthongs are equivalent to the long monophthongs​

monosyllabic: together one centre of a syllable

​

​

52
Q

diphthong vs. hiatus​

A

hiatus – a connection of two vocalic elements (monophthongs) on the borderline of two syllables​ e.g. hæpɪə = hæ -pɪ -ə ​

Diphthong – two vocalic elements within a single syllable​e.g. fɪəs – one syllable​

​

​

​

53
Q

Triphthongs​

eɪə,aɪə,ɔɪə,əʊə,aʊə

A

eɪə layer leɪə ​

aɪə lier laɪə ​

ɔɪə loyal lɔɪəl​

əʊə lower ləʊə​

aʊə power paʊə​

54
Q

Consonants

From phonetic – articulatory and acoustic point of view

A

A/ place of articulation ​

B/ manner of articulation – type of obstacle in the air stream​

C/ acoustic impression​

D/ position of soft palate​

55
Q

A. Consonants: place of articulation:

A

bilabial: p, b, m, w​

labio-dental: f, v​

dental: ð, θ​

alveolar: t, d, n, l, s, z, ​

post-alveolar (palato-alveolar): ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ, r​

palatal: j​

velar: k, g, ŋ​

glottal: h​

56
Q

B.Consonants: manner of articulation:

the type of obstacle ​

A

B/ manner of articulation: the type of obstacle ​

1. complete closure ​

occlusives(stops)oral:p, t, k, b, d, g​ nasal stops: m, n, ŋ​

2. narrowing​

constrictives (spirants): f, v, ð, θ, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h​​

3. combination of closure with narrowing​

semi-occlusives: ʧ, ʤ​​

4. partial closure​

approximants: r, w, j lateral: l

57
Q

C/ acoustic impression:

A

plosives – oral: p, t, k, b, d, g​ nasal: m, n, ŋ​

(characterised by plosion )​​

fricatives: f, v, ð, θ, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h​

(characterised by friction)​ sibilants – hissing (s, z) and hushing (ʃ, ʒ)​

affricates: ʧ, ʤ​(characterised by affrication )​

frictionless continuants: r, w, j

​

​

58
Q

D/ position of soft palate:​

A

nasal: m, n, ŋ​

​

oral: the rest

59
Q

English Oral Plosives

A

place of articulation:

p b bilabial

t d alveolar

k g velar

b,d,g voiced – lenis(“weak”)

p,t,k voiceless – fortis (“strong”)

60
Q

Aspiration

A

p, t, k – aspirated in the initial position

under stress

pin [phɪn] /pɪn/

tin [thɪn] /tɪn/

kin [khɪn] /kɪn/

61
Q

The Fricatives of English

A

f v labiodental

ɵ ð dental

s z alveolar

ʃ ʒ palato-alveolar

h glottal

first column voiceless (lenis)

second column voiced (fortis)

62
Q

The affricates

A

ʧ ʤ palato-alveolar

  • combination of a closure and narrowing
  • phonetically and phonologically consonants
  • voiced (lenis) vs. voiceless (fortis)
63
Q

Nasals

A

m bilabial

n alveolar

ŋ velar

  • the air escapes through the nose; the soft palate is lowered
  • stops, plosives; always voiced

Distribution of /ŋ/:

the spelling group –nk- k is always pronounced - /ŋk/;

the spelling group –ng- /ŋ/ and sometimes /ŋg/

64
Q

Approximants

A

/r/, /w/, /j/ - always voiced

phoneme /r/ – post-alveolar frictionless continuant

Allophones:

  • an alveolar tap (flap) – intervocalic position, e. g. very
  • a lingual roll – Scottish English
  • a uvular r – Northern English
  • a retroflex r – American English

/r/, /w/, /j/ - always voiced

phoneme /r/ – post-alveolar frictionless continuant

Allophones:

  • an alveolar tap (flap) – intervocalic position, e. g. very
  • a lingual roll – Scottish English
  • a uvular r – Northern English
  • a retroflex r – American English
65
Q

what are distinctive features?

A

•a set of phonetic properties by which speech sounds are described

66
Q

what is commutation ?

A

a technique for the delimitation of phonemes, minimal pairs;

67
Q

what are minimal pairs?

A

•minimally different pairs of words, differ by one element only:

pɪn – tɪn

tɪn – ten

68
Q

what is contrastive distribution (parallel distribution)?

A

•sounds (variations) not occurring in the same environment, not distinctive, they represent different manifestations of one and the same phoneme

combinatory variants = bound allophones

[pʰ] – beginning of stressed syllable

/p/

[p] – all other positions

combinatory variants = bound allophones

[pʰ] – beginning of stressed syllable

/p/

[p] – all other positions

69
Q

Definitions:

phoneme

allophones

phonological oppositions

A

phoneme – minimal contrastive sound unit of language

allophones of the same phoneme – phonetically similar sounds which do not contrast with each other

a) do not occur in the same environment
b) phonetically similar; small difference between them

phonological oppositions – mutual relations between phonemes, established according to their similarities and differences

70
Q

1.N. Trubetzkoy:

A

1)privative opposition – the difference between the phonemes is based on the presence vs. absence of a particular distinctive feature (t – d, s – z, v – f);

●

2)gradual opposition – the members differ by a different degree of a feature (closed – half closed – half open – open vowels);

●

3)equipollent opposition – the members of the pair differ in several features (p – f, contrast).

71
Q

2.NTrubetzkoy:

A

In regard to the whole system he distinguishes:

1) unidimensional opposition – the base common for both phonemes in opposition does not occur in other pairs of phonemes (t – d the only English alveolar oral plosives);
2) multidimensional opposition – the common base occurs in more than two phonemes (p – t – k voiceless oral plosives);
3) proportional opposition – the relation between two phonemes occurs in several phonemes (p – b, t – d, k – g);
4) isolated opposition – the given relation between two phonemes does not occur elsewhere (r – l).

phonetics and phonology (1 decks)

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