slide show lec chap 1

Question 1

Anatomy vs Physiology

Answer 1

Anatomy-study of STRUCTURES of the body (oldest medical science)
Physiology-study of how living organisms perform their vital FUNCTION

Question 2

Inspection

Answer 2

Inspection—look at appearance

Question 3

Palpation

Answer 3

Palpation—feeling a structure with the hands

Question 4

Auscultation

Answer 4

Auscultation—listening to sounds produced by body

Question 5

Percussion

Answer 5

Percussion—tap on the body, feel for resistance, and listen to emitted sound for abnormalities

Question 6

Dissection

Answer 6

Dissection—cutting and separating human body tissues to reveal tissue relationships; use a cadaver, a dead human body

Question 7

Comparative anatomy

Answer 7

Comparative anatomy—study (for example, dissection) of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution

Question 8

Exploratory surgery

Answer 8

Exploratory surgery—opening the living body to see what is wrong; now replaced by medical imaging to view inside without surgery

Question 9

Radiology

Answer 9

Radiology—branch of medicine specializing in imaging

Question 10

Anatomy- is the study of form (STRUCTURE)…
Sub disciplines of anatomy include:

Answer 10

GROSS ANATOMY —study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye (WITHOUT MICROSCOPE)
HISTOLOGY (microscopic anatomy)—examination of tissues with microscope
HISTOPATHOLOGY—microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
CYTOLOGY—study of structure and function of cells; fine detail (ultrastructure) may be resolved using an electron microscope

Question 11

Gross Anatomy or (macroscopic anatomy) subdivisions-

Answer 11

Subdivisions/Methods of studying Anatomy:

Regional anatomy- Specific regions of the body.
Systemic anatomy- Specific system of the body.
Surface anatomy- Body surface.
Comparative anatomy- Between different species
-
Developmental anatomy- Structural changes from fertilized egg to an adult form. (Embryology: Study of the structural changes from fertilized egg to the eighth week of development)

Question 12

microscopic anatomy

Answer 12

examines structures not visible to the naked eye.
By use of a microscope

Question 13

microscopic anatomy subdivisions

Answer 13

Histology: study of tissues and their structures
Cytology: study of cells and their structures
Microscopes include
Light Microscope: Compound
Electron Microscopes: Transmission and Scanning

Question 14

Physiology is the study of function
Subdivisions:(methods of studying)

Answer 14

Physiology is the study of function
Subdivisions:
Neurophysiology: Functions of the nervous system.
Endocrinology: Hormones and their control of body functions.
Cardiovascular physiology: Functions of heart, blood and blood vessels.
Immunology: Body defense.
Respiratory physiology: Functions of the lung system.
Renal Physiology: Functions of the kidney system.
Exercise physiology: Functional changes in the body during exercise.
Pathophysiology: Functional changes associated with diseases.
Reproductive Physiology: Functions of the reproductive system.

Question 15

Homeostasis

Answer 15

is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changing external conditions. OR
Homeostasis- the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions
(!Organ systems responds to external and internal changes to keep body parameters within physiological limits!)

Question 16

examples of homeostasis

Answer 16

Blood glucose level is kept within narrow range 70-110/100ml.
Body temperature is maintained 37°C (98.6°F)
*Set point: An ideal normal value.
Range: Maintaining functions around the set point.

Question 17

Systems that Control Homeostasis

Answer 17

Nervous system:
Controls by sending impulses to the brain and spinal cord and then to the effectors (muscles and glands).
Endocrine system:
Controls by regulating hormone secretion of the endocrine glands.

Question 18

positive feedback

Answer 18

is where an initial stimulus produces a response which exaggerates or enhances the change in the original condition, creating a positive feedback loop.
ex- childbirth
The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus
Body is moved away from homeostasis
Normal range is lost
HELPS RESTORE NORMAL FUNCTION WHEN ONE OF THE BODYS PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES GET OUT OF BALANCE.
Ex- childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

Question 19

negative feedback

Answer 19

is a corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits.
OR
the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
The response of the effector negates the stimulus
Body is brought back into homeostasis
Normal range is achieved

Question 20

negative feedback vs positive feedback

Answer 20

Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly. Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output: the result of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stable state
Negative feedback loops work to prevent an excessive response to the stimulus, whereas positive feedback loops intensify the response until an end point is reached.

Question 21

simplest to the most complex list of body structures.

Answer 21

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human organism

Question 22

examples of body structures from simplest to most complex

Answer 22

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach