Slide Set 6 - Respiration Flashcards
How does the respiratory centre know when to breath?
Through sensory input
What sensory input does the brain receive which allows it to know when to breath?
The pneumotaxic centre and apneustic centre of the pons (section of our brain involved in the control of breathing and communication between different parts of the brain) receive signals from the chemo and barre receptors. Once the pons receive these signals, it relays them to the medullary rhythmic area which relay information to the respiratory muscles that drive breathing
So basically: Chemo&Barro-receptors send signal to pons –> medullary rhythmic area –> respiratory muscles
What part of our brain can “override the “automatic” control of breathing?
cerebral cortex
What two areas is the medullary rhythmic area made up of?
- Inspiratory area
2. Expiratory area
What are the 4 respiratory functions?
- external respiration
- transport of gases by the blood
- internal respiration
- regulation of respiration
What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system?
- Upper respiratory tract
- Lower respiratory tract
+ accessory structures
What makes up the upper respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity, tongue, larynx, esophagus, pharynx
What makes up the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea, right lung + right bronchus, left lung + left bronchus
What are the 2 muscles of inspiration?
- external intercostals
2. diaphragm
What are the 3 muscles of expiration?
- internal intercostals
2. abdominal muscles
What are two secondary muscles used in inspiration and expiration?
Sternocleidomastoids & Scalenes
What path does the air we inhale take from the moment we inhale to the moment it reaches the blood?
Down trachea to the bronchi where bronchioles branch off and become smaller and smaller until then end in alveolar sacs. Alveolar sacs exchange the incoming air with the RBCs in the capillaries that surround the sacs
In what fashion do the RBCs travel through the capillaries that surround the alveolar sacs? What is the structure of the endothelial cells within these capillaries?
Single file line: for max O2/CO2 exchange
single layered
What is the function of the pulmonary arterioles?
bring deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs in order to be oxygenated by the capillary network on alveolar sacs
What is the function of the pulmonary vein?
Returns oxygenated blood from the capillary network on the alveolar sacs back to the heart to be pumped out the rest of the body
What are the functions of the alveolar sacs?
- allow exchange of O2 and CO2 with blood
- filter air via macrophages (large non-discriminant cells of immune system)
What is cleft palate?
Failure of the nose and the mouth to unite (partial separation) – due to malformation of palatine bone caused by decreased migration of neural crest cells
What are causes of cleft palate?
- genetic mutation of trisomy on chromosome 13
- environmental - consumption of the teratogenic drugs by mother during pregnancy: corticosteroids, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants
How can cleft palate be fixed after birth?
Plastic surgery: if there is a gaping the gum, bone graft may be used to fill it
What can a mother do in order to decrease the levels of her baby obtaining cleft palate? Causes ___ reduction
Taking multivitamin with folic acid. Causes 48% reduction
What component of the nose serves as a filter to screen particles from the air?
hairs that line the nose
What component of the nose functions to moisten the air as it passes by?
The turbinates which provide a large mucus-covered surface
What is an important function of mucus in the nose?
traps particles before air enters respiratory system
What does the pharynx connect?
The upper and lower airways
Pharynx = throat
What is the structure of the pharynx?
tubelike structure extending from the base of the skull to the esophagus - made of muscle
What 3 parts is the pharynx divided into?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngo-pharynx
The pharynx is a pathway for what 2 systems?
- Respiratory system
2. digestive system
What happens in the pharynx upon swallowing food?
Swallow reflexes close the trachea allowing the food to go down the esophagus and into the stomach.
How does the pharynx produce certain vowel sounds?
by changing shape