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7-Biology of Lactation > Slide Set 15: Mastitis > Flashcards

Slide Set 15: Mastitis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mastitis?

A

inflammatory reaction of the udder’s tissue to bacteria, chemical, thermal or mechanical injury

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2
Q

Describe the inflammatory response in mastitis

A

high levels of blood proteins and white blood cells in the mammary tissue and milk

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3
Q

What is the purpose of an inflammatory response in mastitis?

A

destroy the microbes and repair the damaged tissue

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4
Q

What are the types of mastitis?

A
  1. infectious mastitis caused by microbes
    a. environmental mastitis caused by microbes in the environment
    b. contagious mastitis caused by microbes on or inside the udder
  2. non-infectious mastitis caused by physical injury to the udder
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5
Q

Describe the contagious mastitis

A
  • caused by microbes live on the skin of the teat and inside the udder
  • can be transmitted from one cow to another
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6
Q

Describe the environmental mastitis

A
  • caused by microbes that live in contaminated environment (e.g. water, feces)
  • caused by mainly coliforms (e.g. e.coli)
  • <10% of mastitis cases
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7
Q

What are the 3 types of contagious mastitis?

A
  • chronic mastitis
  • clinical mastitis
  • sub-clinical mastitis
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8
Q

What are the 3 types of clinical mastitis?

A
  • percute mastitis
  • acute mastitis
  • sub-acute mastitis
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9
Q

Describe chronic mastitis

A
  • A persistent infection of udder.
  • Exists most of the time in the subclinical form.
  • Occasionally can develop into the clinical form before returning to the subclinical.
  • This results in hard lumps in the udder.
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10
Q

Describe clinical mastitis

A

Clinical cases of mastitis are those where the cow displays definitive symptoms of the disease.

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11
Q

Describe sub-clinical mastitis

A

the cow herself displaying no obvious clinical symptoms of the illness and no visible changes to the composition of her milk. These cases of mastitis are termed sub-clinical, and can be up to 40 times more common than clinical cases of the illness.

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12
Q

Percute mastitis

A

Peracute mastitis is characterized by a sudden onset, severe inflammation of the udder, serous milk. Peracute mastitis can lead to agalactia. The inflammation may result from the organism itself, enzymes (from the tissue or the bacteria), toxins (endo or exo), or leukocyte products. The systemic illness is due to septicemia or toxemia, results in fever, anorexia, depression, decreased rumen motility, dehydration, and sometimes death of the cow. Systemic illness often precedes the symptoms manifested in the milk and mammary gland.

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13
Q

Acute mastitis

A

Acute mastitis is characterized by a sudden onset, moderate to severe inflammation of udder, decreased production, and serous milk/fibrin clots. Systemic signs are similar but less severe than the peracute form.

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14
Q

Sub-acute mastitis

A

Subacute mastitis is characterized by mild inflammation, there may be no visible changes in udder, there are generally small flakes or clots in the milk, and the milk may have an off-color. There are no systemic signs of illness.

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15
Q

What are the causes of mastitis?

A
  1. bacteria (S. agalactiae): the most common
  2. milking machine
  3. contaminated hands
  4. contaminated cloth
  5. coliforms
  6. yeast and mycoplasma (overuse of antibiotics and poor sanitation (uncommon)
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16
Q

S. agalactiae

A
  • main cause of sub-clinical mastitis
  • lives inside the udder
  • spreads during milking
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17
Q

S. aureus

A
  • causes both clinical and sub-clinical mastitis
  • lives inside and outside the udder on the skin
  • more damaging (more potent toxins)
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18
Q

Coliforms

A
  • caused mainly by E-coli

- result from polluted water and feces

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19
Q

True/False - Explain

Mastitic milk has higher protein levels

A

True

  • the immune responds sends signals (cytokines) will increase the amount of Ig from the blood into the mammary epithelial cells as well as blood flow increase
  • whey protein will be high in mastitis milk (low quality protein)
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20
Q

What is the first sign of mastitis?

A

a milk clot

- it is basically a combination of dead epithelial cells, dead bacteria, and WBC as well as milk

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21
Q

What happens in severe cases of mastitis?

A

the bacteria will start to enter the blood system and cause blood toxicity

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22
Q

What are the factors affecting incidence of mastitis?

A
  1. type of bacteria
  2. stage of lactation
  3. age of cow
  4. inherited conformation of the cow
  5. level of milk production
  6. improper use of milking machine
  7. environment
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23
Q

How does the stage of lactation affect the incidence of mastitis?

A

most cases occur during the first 3 weeks of the dry period and the first month post-calving

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24
Q

How does the age of the cow affect the incidence of mastitis?

A

older cows are more susceptible to mastitis to young cows

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25
Q

How does the inherited conformation of the cow affect the incidence of mastitis?

A
  • length of the legs relative to the size of the udder

- strength of the udder attachment

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26
Q

How does the level of milk production affect the incidence of mastitis?

A
  • no direct relation

- factors affecting milk tiled might affect mastitis

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27
Q

How does the improper use of milking machine affect the incidence of mastitis?

A
  • irregular fluctuation of the vacuum level

- or milking or incomplete milking

28
Q

How does the environment affect the incidence of mastitis?

A
  • chilling of the udder in cold weather or cold ground
  • unclean bedding
  • improper housing as related to udder and teat injury
29
Q

What are the two types of somatic cells found in milk?

A
  • leukocytes WBC (75%) - increases in response to infection or injury
  • Epithelial cells (25%) - increases as a result of infection or injury
30
Q

Somatic cell count and mastitis

A
  • # of somatic cells indicate the severity of mastitis
  • can be expressed as Somatic Cell Count (SCC) or Somatic Cell Score (SCS)
  • normal milk contains <200,000 somatic cells/ml
31
Q

What are the tests that can be done to test for mastitis?

A
  1. stip cup test
  2. california mastitis test
  3. Wisconsin tes
  4. electronic somatic cell count
32
Q

Explain the California mastitis test

A
  • test reagents react with nuclei of somatic cells to form a gel
  • the amount of gel formed is used to score mastitis
  • useful in detecting infection in each quarter
  • useful in case of sub-clinical and chronic mastitis
33
Q

Explain the Wisconsin test

A
  • lab test conducted usually on bulk tank samples
  • reaction to reagents is measured and not estimated
  • goals according to WMT
    1. Bulk tank reading <8mm (300,000 cells/ml)
    2. Milk with score of 19mm (855,000 cells/ml) is considered unsuitable for human consumption
34
Q

Explain electronic somatic cell count

A
  • automated system for somatic cell count
  • use by DHI service (e.g. VALACTA)
  • more accurate than CMT and WMT
  • can be used to monitor the udder’s health of individual cows as well as that of herd
  • use the information from DHI report to milk loss due to subclinical mastitis
35
Q

What is the cost of mastitis?

A
  • loss in milk (greatest loss)
  • change in milk quality and composition
  • cost of treatment
  • premature culling
36
Q

What can be done for control of mastitis?

A
  • dry treatment
  • teat dripping
  • culling of chronically infected cows
  • proper milking hygiene
  • good nutrition
  • milking machine
37
Q

What is the treatment of mastitis?

A
  • mastitis is treated with antibiotics
  • clinical mastitis
    successful in treating S. agalactiae
    successful rate for S. aureus
    sub-clinical mastitis treated with antibiotics during the dry-off period
  • treatment with vaccine
  • E.coli J5 vaccine (made from E.coli mutant strain)
  • vaccination against S.aureus
    made from 3 inactivated strains of S. aureus
    cure up to 60^of infected cows
    more efficient when administered with antibiotics
38
Q

What is the occurrence of mastitis in sow?

A
  • around furrowing

- at weaning

39
Q

What are the reasons of mastitis in sow?

A
  • due to bacteria gaining entry to the mammary gland

- flare-up of existing sub-clinical mastitis

40
Q

What are the causing agents of mastitis in sow?

A
  • staphylococci and streptococci
  • coliform bacteria
  • miscellaneous bacteria
41
Q

Describe coliform mastitis of sow

A
  • environmental mastitis (contamination with feces and urine)
  • caused mainly by E.coli
42
Q

Describe acute mastitis in sow (symptoms)

A
  • reduced milk production
  • marked discolouration of skin over the udder
  • sick and very thin piglets
43
Q

Describe the Staphylococci and streptococci mastitis in sow

A
  • less severe and less acute than environmental mastitis
  • occurs sporadically in one or more gland
  • may present in the gland in a subclinical form and then become clinical after furrowing
  • acute mastitis may be caused by staphylococci (exceptional cases).
  • the gland becomes swollen and the sow becomes sick
44
Q

Describe miscellaneous bacteria mastitis in sow

A
  • caused by organisms such as pseudomonas
  • produce a serious mastitis and septicemia
  • often resistant to antibiotic treatment
  • infections are rare
45
Q

What are the symptoms of mastitis in sow?

A
  • lack of appetite at furrowing
  • infected glands red, swollen, painful
  • discoloration of the mammary gland
  • refuse to suckle
  • fever and blue skin
  • piglets hungry, thin and squeal from lack of milk
46
Q

How is mastitis diagnosed in sows?

A
  • clinical signs are usually sufficient to diagnose mastitis
  • a sample of the secretion from the infected quarters should be submitted to lab for examination
  • carried out by wiping the teat end with cotton wool soaked in surgical spirit, injecting the sow with 0.5ml oxytocin and once there is a good flow squirt the milk on to a sterile swab
47
Q

What are the problems with milk production after furrowing?

A

occurs in combination with mastitis

  1. hypogalactia (reduction in milk production
  2. agalactia (lack of milk production less frequent)
48
Q

What is the cause of agalactia?

A
  • caused by inhibition of prolactin and oxytocin
  • toxin released into blood from mastitis inhibits the action of both hormones
  • other factors contributing agalactia include constipation and insufficient gut motility around the time of furrowing.
49
Q

What are the symptoms of agalactia?

A
  • rapid breathing and depressed appetite
  • fever and reluctance to move around to allow nursing
  • infected glands will be enlarged and discoloured
50
Q

What is a plugged duct in humans?

A
  • plugged duct is a sore tender lump or knotty area in the breast
  • occurs when milk duct is not draining well and inflammation builds up
  • a plugged duct is not accompanied by fever
  • if the plugged area is not drained, pressure can build up behind it and cause the surrounding tissue to become inflamed
51
Q

What is the occurrence of plugged duct in human?

A
  • plugged duct occurs mostly in women with abundant milk

- more frequently during the early weeks of nursing and during winter months

52
Q

What are the contributing factors to plugged duct in human?

A
  • anything that contribute to inadequate drainage of the milk ducts can increase the incidence of plugged ducts
  • missed or shortened feedings
  • factors that put pressure on the breast
53
Q

What is a caked duct in humans?

A
  • if a large area of the breast is inflamed, hard and tender, it is sometimes referred as a “caked breast”
  • usually plugged or caked duct occurs only in one breast at a time.
54
Q

Describe mastitis in humans

A
  • localized tenderness and heat together with systemic reaction of fever and sometimes nausea and vomiting
  • occurs mostly in one breast (staphylococcus)
  • may occur in both breasts (caused by staphylococci)
  • may occur in both breasts (caused by streptococci)

two types:

  • lactational (most common)
  • non-lactational
55
Q

What is a subareolar abscess?

A
  • the second most common breast infection
  • occurs when sebaceous glands around the nipple become infected. When this happens, an abscess will be formed
  • if the infection is detected early before the abscess is formed, it can often be treated with antibiotics
  • more often it may be necessary to make an incision and drain abscess
56
Q

What are breast lumps?

A
  • most lumps are benign
  • found in both breasts
  • reasons include: normal changes in breast tissue, breast infection or injury and medicines that may cause lumps, changing estrogen and progesterone levels during menstrual cycle
57
Q

What are the 5 types of breast lumps?

A
  • fibroadenomas
  • fibrocystic lumps
  • intraductal papilloma
  • traumatic fat necrosis
  • breast cancer
58
Q

Explain fibroadenomas

A
  • the most common benign tumors
  • they are solid, rubbery lumps that move freely in the breast when pushed and usually painless
  • result from excess formation of lobules and surrounding breast tissue
  • occurs between age 20-30
59
Q

Explain fibrocystic lumps

A
  • the most common breast disease between the age of 35 and 50 years
  • caused mainly by changes in hormones during normal monthly menstrual cycle
  • women with these lumps usually experience lumps in both breasts that increase in size and tenderness just prior to menstrual bleeding
  • the lumps are milk ducts and surrounding tissues that have grown and dilated to form cysts.
  • the cysts rapidly enlarge in response to hormones released near menstruation
60
Q

Explain intraductal papilloma

A
  • small wart-like growth in the lining of the mammary duct near the nipple
  • usually affect women aged 45-50 and can produce bleeding from the nipple
61
Q

Explain traumatic fat necrosis

A
  • occurs when there is trauma (sudden injury) to the breast

- causes fat to form in lumps which are generally round, firm, hard, and painless.

62
Q

What are the types of breast problems that can be seen in women?

A
  • plugged duct
  • caked duct
  • subareolar abscess
  • benign breast lumps
  • breast cancer
  • mastitis
63
Q

What are the two types of lactational mastitis?

A
  • cellulitis: an infection of the connective tissue

- adenitis: an infection of the milk duct

64
Q

What are the predisposing factors of mastitis in women?

A
  • during breast feeding a woman’s single nipple becomes cracked and sore allowing bacteria from the baby’s mouth to enter the ducts
  • untreated plugged ducts or cracks in the nipple through which an infectious organism gains entrance to the breast tissue
65
Q

Explain non-lactational mastitis. Why does it occur?

A
  • occurs in non-lactating women
  • in women who had lumpectomies followed by radiation therapy
  • in women with diabetes
  • in women whose immune systems are depressed
  • usually accompanied by high fever and headache and usually treated with antibiotics
66
Q

What are the reasons for milk stasis?

A
  • frequency and duration fo feeds
  • ineffective suckling
  • blockage of milk duct
  • suboptimal attachment
  • overabundant milk supply
67
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of mastitis

A

LOCALIZED PATHOGENS

  • alter metabolic activity of mammary epithelial cells (decreased a-lactalbumin and b-lactoglobulin)
  • produce enzyme to decompose milk protein

INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES

  • Mediate nutrient change in nutrient transporter expression
  • Affect substrate availability to lactating epithelial cells

INFLAMMATION TRIGGERS DAMAGE TO EPITHELIUM LAYER

  • Opening of tight junctions (decreased lactose, increased sodium)
  • increased oxidative stress (synthetic and secretory capacity)

7-Biology of Lactation (16 decks)

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