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Biopsych Exam 4 > Slide 3 > Flashcards

Slide 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is contrast enhancement?

A
  • mechanism in visual system
  • enhances perception of brightness contrast
  • between 2 areas
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2
Q

What is an example of contrast enhancement

A

mach bands

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3
Q

What is the neural basis to contrast enhancement?

A

lateral inhibition

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4
Q

Define lateral inhibition

A
  • enhancing the effect of a cell
  • by inhibiting
  • neighbouring cells
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5
Q

During the process of lateral inhibition, what results in a higher firing rate?

A

more intense light

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6
Q

During the process of lateral inhibition, what cells are inhibited the most?

A

closest neighbours

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7
Q

What cells are responsible for lateral inhibition in the mammalian retina?

A

horizontal cells

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8
Q

What is the component (trichromatic) theory?

A
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9
Q

What are the 3 types of cones?

A
  • short
  • medium
  • long
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10
Q

What is the opponent process theory?

A
  • 3 sets of cells
  • that perceive colour
  • in opposing pairs
  • if one colour is activated its opponent is inhibited
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11
Q

Name 3 opposing pairs that exemplify the opponent process theory

A
  • red/green
  • black/white
  • blue/yellow
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12
Q

Evidence for the opponent process theory

A

complimentary afterimage

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13
Q

What levels of the visual system does the opponent process theory occur at?

A
  • all levels

- beyond receptors

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14
Q

What is an example of the ability of sensory systems to adapt in the opponent process theory?

A
  • adaptation of red receptors

- results in less inhibition of green receptors

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15
Q

What is colour constancy and which of the two theories can explain it (opponent process/component)

A
  • tendency of an object to be perceived as the same colour
  • despite large changes
  • in the wavelength of light it reflects
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16
Q

Who is responsible for the retinex theory?

A

Edwin Land

17
Q

What is the retinex theory?

A
  • perception of colour
  • is determined by its reflectance
  • relative wavelengths are constant
  • so perception is constant
18
Q

What is reflectance

A
  • proportion of light of diff wavelengths

- which a surface reflects

19
Q

which areas go beyond the primary visual cortex

A
  • secondary areas

- association areas

20
Q

There are more than __ visual fields found

A

30

21
Q

What are extrastriate areas and how are they identified?

A
  • areas beyond the striate cortex
  • V2, V3, V4 etc
  • larger receptive fields
  • more specialized in function
22
Q

What is the dorsal stream?

A
  • where pathway

- V1 -> V2 -> posterior parietal cortex

23
Q

What is the function of the dorsal stream

A

determining the location of objects in space

24
Q

What is the ventral stream?

A
  • what pathway

- V1 -> V2 -> inferior temporal cortex

25
Q

What is the function of the ventral stream

A

involved in determining what objects are

26
Q

What is scotoma?

A

-area of blindness

27
Q

What is the cause of scotoma

A

damage to the V1

28
Q

Why are people often unaware of their scotoma?

A

-perceptual completion

29
Q

What is perceptual completion

A

-filling in the absence of visual input

30
Q

What is blindsight?

A
  • ability of patients with V1 damage

- to respond to stimuli which they cannot perceive

31
Q

How does blindsight occur?

A

-mediated by alternative visual pathways

32
Q

What are alternative visual pathways

A

-not part of the retina-geniculate-striate

33
Q

Damage to which brain area results in blindsight?

A

pulvinar superior colliculus

34
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

inability to recognize visual images

35
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A
  • inability to recognize faces

- type of visual agnosia

36
Q

What is prosopagnosia caused by?

A

damage to the fusiform gyrus

37
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

inability to perceive movement

38
Q

What is akinetopsia caused by?

A
  • damage to middle temporal

- V5

39
Q

Where is the fusiform face area located?

A
  • ventral surface

- of temporal lobe

Biopsych Exam 4 (3 decks)

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