Slide 1 Flashcards
From what does connective tissue originate
Embryonic Mesenchyme
Name the 3 structural elements
Ground substance
Fibres
Cells
Name the 3 types of fibres
Collagen Fibres (strongest & most abundant)
Elastic Fibre
Reticular Fibre
Name the two types of cells
Immature (blast) actively mitotic, secrete ground substances and fibres
Mature (clasts) less active, maintain matrix health but can revert to active state if damaged
Name the 3 types of Cartilage
Hayline Cartilage
Fibrous Cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Name the two types of bone and give a little information of them
Compact bone - denser outer layer
Spongy bone - honeycomb of trabecular filled with yellow bone marrow
Function of bones
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride storage
Hormone production
Axial skeleton includes what?
Bones of skull, vertebrae column and rib cage
Appendicular skeleton includes what
Bones of upper limb, lower limb, shoulder and hip
Name the bones according to bone classification of shape and give an example
Long bone (humerus)
Short bone (carpals)
Flat bone (ribs)
Irregular bone (vertebrae)
Sesamoid bone (patella)
What does a long-bone consist of
Diaphysis and 2 epiphysis
Name the 4 bone cells and their function
Osteogenic cell - stem cell
Osteoblast - responsible for bone growth
Osteocytes - monitor and maintains the mineralised bone matrix
Osteoclasts - bone-reabsorbing cell
Name the two types of ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondrial ossification
Appositional growth
Increasing in width
Interstitial Growth
Grows in lenght
Name the 6 fracture types and say what the are
Comminuted - bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
Compression - bone is crushed, osteoporotic bone
Spiral - ragged break> excessive twisting
Epiphyseal - tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying
Depressed - broken bone portion pressed inwards
Greenstick - breaks incompletely, 1 side of shaft breaks
Functions of muscles
Produce movement
Maintains body position and posture
Generates hear
Stabilises joints
Muscle tissue characteristics
Exciteability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Name the 3 types of muscle tissue types
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Hayline Cartilage
Large number of collagen fibres
Chrondrocytes account for 1-10%
Found at ends of long bones as articular cartilage, coastal cartilage, nose, airways + embryonic skeleton
Elastic Cartilage
Almost identical to hayline cartilage
Contains more elastic fibres
Found where strength and exceptional stretching and bending is needed (ear and epiglottis)
Fibro cartilage
Matrix similar to but less firm than hayline cartilage
No perichondrium
Thick collagen fibres main component
Optimised for tensile strength & to absorb compressive shock
Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis discs of knee joint
What does cartilage lack
Nerve fibres
Is cartilage vascular or avascular and how do they get nutrients
Avascular
Diffusion
What is cartilage surrounded by (membrane)
Perichondrium
What are cartilage produces and maintained by
Produces - condroblasts
Maintained - condrocytes
What are cartilage known for
Very limited repair it commonly scars
What are connective tissue mostly made of
ECM
What does cartilage resist
Both tension and compression
What qualities does cartilage have
Intermediate between dense connective tissue & bone
True or false
Cartilage is tough but flexible
True
What does hormones produce in bone
Osteocalcin
Please name the bones of the axial skeleton
Cranium
Facial bones
Hyoid
Vertebra column: cervicle, thorasic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Sternum
Ribs
Please name the bones of the appendicular skeleton
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Os coxae
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsal
Phalanges
Where can you find hematopoietic tissue in infants
Medullary cavity of diaphysis and in all areas of spongy bone
Where can you find hematopoietic tissue in adults
In diploe of flat bones, head of femur & humerus, and in some irregular bones
Chemical composition of bone: inorganic
Hydroxyapitite/bioapitite
65% of bone by mass
Mainly calcium phosphates CA5 (PO4) 3 (OH)
Responsible for bone hardness and resistance to compression
What is a osteoid
Unminerilized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins
What are projections
Generally tend to be sites of muscle and ligament attachment
What are the projections that help form joints
Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus
With what are the periosteum secured to underlying bone
Perforating fibres
What rich supply does the inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum have
Nerve fibres, blood, lymphatic vessels which enter via nutrient formina
What does the endosteum do
Delicate membrane that covers the internal surface of bone
What does organic chemical composition of bone consist of of
Osteoid
Collagen
Cells
Name the 4 zones or postnatal bone growth
Proliferation Zone: cartilage cells undergo mitsosis
Hypertrophic Zone: Older cartilage cells inlarge
Calcification Zone: matric calcifies, catrligate cells die, matrix begin deteriorating , blood vessels invade the cavaties
Ossification Zone: new bone formation
