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Psychology > Sleep+dreams biatch > Flashcards

Sleep+dreams biatch Flashcards

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1
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A
  • 5-10 minutes
  • don’t know you were sleeping if woken
  • alpha waves produced
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2
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

-10-20 mins
- sleep spindles produced
- theta waves produced
- decreased body temperature
- decreased heart rate

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3
Q

stage 3 sleep

A
  • 30+ min
  • deep sleep
  • slow wave sleep
  • hard to wake
  • delta waves
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4
Q

stage 4 sleep

A
  • lasts for ~30min
    -deep sleep
  • when bed wetting/sleep walking occurs
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5
Q

stage 5 sleep

A
  • REM sleep
  • body is paralysed
  • when dreams occur
  • ~90min into sleep
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6
Q

biological explanation of dreams

A
  • meaningless side effect of brain activity during sleep
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7
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis (Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley (1977))

A
  • dreams are caused by random neurons firing in the Pons (activation)
  • messages from these neurons are sent to the neocortex, which tries to make sense of them (synthesis) and creates a narrative (dreams)
    Evaluation:
  • Supported by brain scans
  • Doesn’t explain dreams about specific events/people/things
  • Many people do not agree that dreams are completely random
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8
Q

Circadian rhythms are controlled by:

A
  • Endogenous pacemaker (SCN Suprachiasmatic nucleus)
    -Exogenous zeitgeibers (light, social cues)
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9
Q

How does the SCN work?

A
  • receives light/dark from the eyes
  • makes the pineal gland produce melatonin
  • melatonin is released gradually, reaches its peak at midnight and is reduced towards the morning
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10
Q

Siffre Cave Study (1962)

A
  • lived in a cave for 2 months
  • had no natural light
  • maintained a circadian rhythm of just over 24 hours
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11
Q

Factors affecting sleep (6)

A
  • Stimulants
  • Amphetamines
  • Alcohol
  • Light
  • Shift work
  • Travel
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12
Q

How do stimulants affect sleep?

A

Caffeine~~~
- effective in 15 minutes
- half-life of 5 hours
- blocks adenosine receptors
- reduces melatonin production
- increases adrenaline production (heart rate, breathing rate, etc)

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13
Q

How do amphetamines affect sleep?

A

Speed, Adderall, Ritalin~~~
- cause increased wakefulness

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14
Q

How does alcohol affect sleep

A
  • depressant, aids in falling asleep
  • stimulant, reduces sleep quality
  • changes proportions of REM and nREM sleep
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15
Q

How does light affect sleep?

A
  • Santhi et al (2012) blue light affects melatonin levels more than normal artificial light
  • Chang et al (2015) people using tablets/ereaders emitting blue light before bed took longer to get to sleep, produced less melatonin, had less REM and were less alert in the morning
  • Czeisler, bright light and complete darkness could completely change circadian rhythm
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16
Q

How can travel affect sleep?

A
  • Jet lag
  • When the circadian rhythm needs to adjust to a new timezone
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17
Q

Czeisler et al (1990) Aim:

A

Aim: To find out if disturbances in the sleep/wake cycle created by working at night could be treated by a programme of bright light at night and complete darkness during the day

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18
Q

Czeisler et al (1990) Hypothesis

A

Hypothesis: Exposing night workers to bright light at night and complete darkness during the day will prevent disturbances to the sleep/wake cycle

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19
Q

Czeisler et al (1990) Participants

A

Participants: 8 healthy men (22-29) who did not usually work at night

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20
Q

Czeisler et al (1990) Control/experimental condition

A

Control:
- Participants worked at night in normal artificial lighting
Experimental:
- Worked in extremely bright light at night and had almost complete darkness during the day
- Worked from 11:45 for 6 days
- They measured cognitive function, alertness, blood plasma cortisol level, urinary excretion rate and BBT

21
Q

Czeisler et al (1990) Results

A
  • mean temp of control fell at night like normal
  • mean temp of experimental group fell at midday after 4 days of treatment
  • circadian adaption included urinary excretion rate, concentration, alertness and cognitive performance
  • treatment group adapted their circadian rhythm while the control group did not
22
Q

Czeisler et al (1990) Conclusion

A

Disturbances in the sleep/wake cycle (for example cognitive performance and quality of daytime sleep) can be treated effectively by bright light at night and darkness during the day

23
Q

Czeisler et al (1990) Evaluation

A

Strengths: - led to design of light treatments for night workers and travelers
- variables such as caffeine and alcohol intake were controlled for, increasing the validity
Weaknesses: - temp and blood taken constantly, could have affected participants negatively
- complex, time consuming procedures
- only 8 males

24
Q

Distortion of true dream meaning:

A
  • Condensation: multiple symbols get mixed up together
  • Secondary Elaboration: Dreamer’s own interpretation of the dream after waking, can involve bits added in afterwards
25
Q

Defence Mechanisms in dreams:

A
  • Secondary elaboration
  • Repression
  • Displacement
26
Q

Defence mechanism secondary elaboration

A
  • Hiding embarrassing parts when retelling the dream
27
Q

Defence mechanism Repression

A
  • Id’s desires are translated into hidden symbols but are repressed during the day
28
Q

Strengths of the psychoanalytic approach:

A
  • Very influential for everyday language and culture
  • before Freud, people thought that dreams were a prediction of the future so his ideas were better than previous
  • Solms (1999) found that stroke patients couldn’t dream when the part of the brain governing desires was damaged
29
Q

Weaknesses of the psychoanalytic approach:

A
  • Relies too heavily on case studies
  • Jung (also a psychoanalyst) thought that the symbols in dreams were unique to the individual and not generalised
  • Wish fulfilment doesn’t explain nightmares
  • Lack of scientific evidence
30
Q

The cognitive approach to sleep and dreams:

A
  • Explains behaviour in terms of beliefs and schemas
  • Dreams are a by-product of memories being reorganised and they have no deeper meaning
  • Dream content depends on the importance of the memory being re organised and what has been recently learned by the individual
31
Q

Crick and Mitchison’s (1986) reorganisational (cognitive) theory of sleep: Function of dreams:

A
  • To make the most of the brain’s ability to store memories
32
Q

Crick and Mitchison’s (1986) reorganisational (cognitive) theory of sleep: Reverse learning concept

A
  • The neocortex is overloaded with information during the day
  • Dreams are a side effect of reverse learning or decluttering parasitic memories
  • The random memories activated cause dreams
33
Q

Crick and Mitchison’s (1986) reorganisational (cognitive) theory of sleep: 2 kinds of memories

A
  • Adaptive: useful memories
  • Parasitic: useless/harmful memories, lead to obsessions and compulsive behaviour
34
Q

Crick and Mitchison’s (1986) reorganisational (cognitive) theory of sleep: Evidence for

A
  • Dolphins have larger brains in proportion to body size and do not REM sleep, more space for parasitic memories
  • Neural network computer programmes create an unlearning system
35
Q

Crick and Mitchison’s (1986) reorganisational (cognitive) theory of sleep: Evidence against

A
  • Walker et al (2003) A finger tapping task proved that memories are more reliably coded after sleep
  • Mednick et al (2003) A perception task was completed better after a 90 minute nap, sleep helps to strengthen memories
  • Seehagen et al (2015) Babies could recall new actions better after having nap
  • MAOIs for treating depression reduce REM sleep, but those taking them experience an improvement in memory function not memory dysfunction
36
Q

Crick and Mitchison’s (1986) reorganisational (cognitive) theory of sleep: Evaluation

A

Weaknesses:
- Based on computer models and research into dolphins, lacks research on humans
- Does not explain why dreams have a narrative

37
Q

Crick and Mitchison’s (1986) reorganisational (cognitive) theory of sleep: Application

A
  • students should get a good night’s sleep to perform their best in school
38
Q

Ostwald’s (1966) Restoration theory of sleep

A
  • Sleep restores a worn-out body and replenishes vital neurotransmitters
  • REM sleep is for brain repair and nREM is for body repair
    Repairs: *Minor injuries such as to skin or muscles
    *Removes waste chemical build up in muscles
    *Replenishes neurotransmitters or energy in the brain
  • The period of inactivity happening during sleep is vital for restoration as no new damage is happening to the body
39
Q

Ostwald’s (1966) Restoration theory of sleep: Evidence for (Peter Tripp (1959))

A
  • Wakeathon- 8 days (200hrs) no sleep
  • experienced hullucinations and delusions whilst awake and seemed to suffer longer term effects
  • stayed awake for 201hrs, slept for 13-22
  • Study did not take place in a lab and had a sample size of 1
40
Q

Ostwald’s (1966) Restoration theory of sleep: Evidence for (Randy Gardner (1963))

A
  • 17yrs old
  • 11 days no sleep
  • Speech and vision problems
  • recovered much better than Peter Tripp
  • caught up on 25% of sleep debt (15 hours) after
  • spent much longer in REM sleep afterwards
41
Q

Ostwald’s (1966) Restoration theory of sleep: Evidence for (Shapiro et al (1981)

A
  • Compared sleep of marathon runners with non marathon runners
  • Running long distances reduced REM and increased SWS in the 2 days after a marathon
42
Q

Ostwald’s (1966) Restoration theory of sleep: Evidence for (Spinal operations/drug overdoses)

A
  • Those who had spinal operations or drug overdoses spent longer in REM sleep afterwards, suggesting that this stage is necessary for brain/nervous system repair
43
Q

Ostwald’s (1966) Restoration theory of sleep: Evidence for (Neurotransmitter levels)

A
  • Neurotransmitter levels deplete throughout the day
  • suggesting that they need to be replenished at night
44
Q

Ostwald’s (1966) Restoration theory of sleep: Evidence for: (Northwestern University (2010))

A
  • Elderly insomniacs spent longer asleep after daily aerobic exercise
  • they had to repair their bodies
45
Q

Ostwald’s (1966) Restoration theory of sleep: Evidence for: (Rat study (1983))

A
  • Rats kept awake on a rotating platform with food and water
  • Rats died after 3 weeks no sleep suggesting that sleep is essential somehow
46
Q

Ostwald’s (1966) Restoration theory of sleep: Evidence for: (Car crash study (2018))

A
  • Sleeping too little results in poorer performance and an increased chance of accidents
47
Q

Ostwald’s (1966) Restoration theory of sleep: Evidence against: (Horne (1978))

A
  • Sleep depivation did not interfere with participants’ ability to ply sports or make them ill, sleep is not essential for physical functioning in the long run
48
Q
A

Psychology (3 decks)

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