sleep & dreams Flashcards
What are the aims of Dement and Kleitman (1957) study?
3
To investigate the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming. (1)
To investigate the relationship between estimated duration of a dream and the actual length of the dream. (1)
To investigate the relationship between the pattern of eye movement and the content of the dream. (1)
What is a weakness of Dement and Kleitman (1957) study?
explain (2)
It was conducted in an artificial/controlled environment (1)
Therefore lacks ecological validity (1)
It was a small sample (1)
Therefore unable to generalise to the wider population (1)
Participants self-reported in the content of the dream (1)
Which may have provided unreliable data (1)
Using Oswald’s (1966) restoration theory of sleep explain why it is important that people get enough REM and non-REM sleep
explain (6)
According to the restoration theory
People need REM sleep to restore the brain (1)
And non REM sleep to repair the body (1)
Lack of either REM or non-REM sleep makes it more difficult to concentrate (1)
And to remember things (1)
people deprived of REM sleep may find it harder to learn new things (1)
And have more negative moods (1)
As neurotransmitters are not replenished (1)
If people do not get enough non-REM sleep, they may become ill more easily (1)
As cell repair will not take place (1)
Using Freud’s (1909) study of Little Hans explain the manifest and latent content of dreams
(4)
The manifest content is what happens in the dream
The latent content is the meaning of the dream
In one of his dreams, Hans dreamt that he was married to his mother (1)
This was the manifest content (1)
The latent content of his dream was that he held an unconscious desire for his mother (1)
Hans also dreamt of a large giraffe squashing a crumple giraffe (1)
The was the manifest content (1)
The underlying latent content was the fear he held for his father (1)
Describe the restoration theory of sleep (Oswald, 1966)
4
Sleep allows the body to carry out essential repairs (1)
Sleep restores the body (1)
Non-REM sleep restores biological processes (1) that have been depleted during the day (1)
An effect of sleep deprivation may be loss of concentration (1) due to. it replenishing neurotransmitters (1)
What was the method of Dement and Kleitman (1957) study? (1)
Laboratory experiment (1)
What was the procedure of Dement and Kleitman (1957) study?
Participants were asked to avoid caffeine and alcohol on the day of the study. (1)
An EEG was used to record brain activity. (1)
An EOG was used to record eye movement. (1)
Participants were wakened at various times to record their dream recall, (1) the content of their dream (1) and the duration of their dream. (1)
What were the results of Dement and Kleitman (1957) study?
more dreams were reported in REM than in non- REM sleep. (1)
There was an association between the pattern of eye movements and the content of dream reports. (1)
Explain one strength of the Dement and Kleitman (1957) study (2)
A laboratory experiment using a PSG (1) was used, therefore results are reliable (1)
High control over extraneous variables (1) such as caffeine and alcohol consumption to avoid these factors affecting sleep. (1)
Rebecca’s mum has just given birth to a baby girl and is due home from hospital today. Rebecca puts up a ‘Welcome Home’ banner in the window. That night, she dreams that the banner says ‘Go Away!’
Explain Rebecca’s dream using the psychoanalytic theory
Rebecca’s dream shows that she has unconscious feelings of hostility towards her sister (1) which are socially unacceptable during waking hours (1)
Rebecca’s unconscious feelings are revealed while she is dreaming (1)
The idea of ‘wish fulfilment’ suggests that the baby is not welcomed by Rebecca (1)
The manifest content of the dream is the ‘Go Away!’ banner (1) but the latent content suggest she has feelings of hostility towards the new baby (1)
Rebecca’s unconscious mind will protect her from her true feelings when awake (1) but will have less control over them when asleep. (1)
Tara only sleeps for four hours per night. She is attending a sleep clinic. A polysomnography is being used to study her sleep and dreams
Describe one measurement the polysomnography (PSG) could provide. (2)
Brain activity (EEG) – Brain waves become faster in REM (2)
Eye movements (EOG) - faster or slower depending on stage of sleep (2)
Increases/decreases Heart rhythm (ECG) (2)
Skeletal muscle activity (EMG) (1)
Chest and abdomen movements (1)
Respiratory airflow (1)
Blood oxygen saturation (1).
Using Oswald’s restoration theory, explain why it is important for Tara to get more sleep. (4)
Candidates may include reference to the function of REM and NREM sleep.
According to restoration theory it is important that people get enough sleep to ensure physiological and psychological repair (1).
This theory suggests that NREM sleep is important for restoring physiological functions, (1) such as growth and repair (1).
REM sleep is essential in restoring mental functions (1).
Without sufficient sleep Tara may lose concentration during the day (1) and may be more susceptible to illness (1).
To ensure Tara gets sufficient REM and NREM sleep she requires approximately 5 90 minute sleep cycles (2)
Tara dreams a lot. According to the psychoanalytic approach what is the function of dreaming? (2)
According to the psychoanalytic approach the function of dreaming is
To satisfy the unfulfilled desires (1) of the Id (1)
To resolve unconscious conflicts (1) from the psychosexual stages (1)
To get rid of primitive urges (1) eg aggression (1)
Explain how the Little Hans study supports the psychoanalytic approach to sleep and dreams. (4)
Little Hans used symbolism in his dreams (1) to express his sexual desire for his Mother and fear of his Father (1). By doing this he resolved his Oedipus complex (1) and satisfied the desire of his Id (1).
The study shows how Little Hans was driven by unconscious forces and that dreams contain both latent and manifest content (2)
Little Hans’ dreams may be explained
Describe the method/procedure used in the Dement and Kleitman sleep study. (3)
The method was a laboratory experiment (1).
They had been asked to avoid caffeine or alcohol on the day of the study
(1).
An electroencephalograph (EEG) was used to record brain activity (1).
An EOG was used to record eye movement (1).
Participants were awakened at various times to test their dream recall (1) the content of their dream (1) and the duration of their dream (1).
