Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Sleep dreaming & hypnosis > Flashcards

Sleep dreaming & hypnosis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

L1 Consciousness

A

The awareness of objects and events in the external world and of our sensations, mental experiences and existence at any given moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

L1 Normal waking consciousness

A

Our awareness of internal states and external surroundings when we are awake and unaffected by sleep, drugs, or other states.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

L1 Altered state of consciousness

A

Anything that is not normal waking consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

L1 Sleep

A

A reversible behavioural state of perceptual disengagement from and unresponsiveness to the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

L1 Where is Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located

A

Tiny region of the brain in the hypothatlamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

L1 What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?

A

Controls circadian rhythms.
Detects amount of light being sent to brain and uses this information to influence the amount of melatonin being released into the bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

L1 Circadian rhythms

A

Sleep wake cycles that occurs approximately every 24hrs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

L1 Melatonin

A

Hormone produced and secreted by the pineal glands.
Associated with sleep/wake cycle
Builds up during day
Once melatonin reaches a critical level -> fall asleep
The more light the little melatonin produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

L1 Pineal gland

A

Keeps track of body’s natural cycles and registers external factors

Light information from the SCN is sent here.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

L1 What is the Reticular activation system

A

Network of neurons that extends out from the reticular formation to different parts of the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

L1 What does the reticular activation system do?

A

Regulate cortical arousal i.e alertness - increase or decrease

Influences when we are asleep or awake by restricting the amount of stimulation the cerebral cortex receives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

L1 Major parts of the reticular activating system

A

Reticular formation and thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

L1 Reticular formations

A

Critical in reducing stimuli sent to cerebral cortex

RF stimulated = alert
RF damages = coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

L1 Where is the reticular formations

A

Runs through brain stem and up into mid brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

L1 Major roles of thalamus (5)

A

Transfer station for info coming from senses (except smell)
Transfer neural info from RF to the cerebral cortex
Filters sensory info
Transfers info from cerebral cortex to RF
Closes sensory pathways during sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

L1 Damage to the thalamus (4)

A

Loss of any sense (except smell)
Cerebral cortex not receiving sensory info
Attention difficulties
Lower arousal from lethargy to coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

L2 States of consciousness

A

Total awareness:

Focused, selective attention (controlled process)
Daydreaming
Meditative state
Hypnotised
Asleep
Anaesthetised
Unconscious (coma)

Complete lack of awareness:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

L3 Methods used to study sleep

A

Electroencephalograph
Electromyograph
Electroculogram

Take place in sleep laboratories
Monitor and record various physiological responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

L3 Role of Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity that is spontaneously generated by the brain

EEG recordings indicate as a person falls asleep, the brain produces distinguishable patterns of electrical activity (brainwaves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

L3 Frequency

A

How many occurs over time

Measured by how close the waves are to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

L3 Amplitude

A

Intensity of wave

Measured in wave length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

L3 Types of brainwaves

A

Most aware:

Beta waves
Alpha waves
Theta waves
Delta waves

Least aware:

“Batmen ate the donuts”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

L3 Electromyograph (EMG)

A

Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

L3 How does the EMG work

A

Information is obtained by attaching electrodes to particular muscles and is recorded as a line graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

L3 Electroculogram (EOG)

A

Measuring eye movements or eye position by detecting, amplifying and recording electrical activity in eye muscles that controls eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

L3 How does the electroclogram work

A

Electrodes attach to areas of the face surrounding the eye, recordings are displayed as line graphs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

L3 The 2 types of sleep

A

Non-rapid eye movement sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

L3 Hypnogram

A

Graph demonstrating an individuals sleep cycle across 1 night of sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

L3 Typical adult sleep…

A

6-8 hours + 90min sleep cycles

Longer than 6-8hrs normally refers to younger people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

L3 What percentage of our sleep type is NREM?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

L3 How many stages are there of NREM sleep

A

4 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

L3 Duration of NREM stage 1

A

5 - 10 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

L3 3 characteristics of NREM stage 1

A

Theta waves replace alpha waves
Drift into and out of a true sleep state
Gradually lose awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

L3 5 physiological changes of NREM stage 1

A

Lower level of bodily arousal

Decrease heart rate, respiration, body temperature and muscle tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

L3 Duration of NREM stage 2

A

20 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

L3 3 characteristics of NREM stage 2

A

Light sleep
Sleep spindles and k-complex
Considered a hallmark of being truly asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

L3 4 physiological changes of NREM stage 2

A

Body movements lessen
Breathing is more regular
Blood pressure and temperature continues to fall
Heart rate is slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

L3 Duration of NREM stage 3

A

10 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

L3 What waves are in NREM stage 3

A

20-50% delta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

L3 Which stage does sleep phenomena occur?

A

NREM stage 3 and 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

L3 3 characteristics of NREM stage 3

A

Extremely relaxed
Less responsive to outside world
Difficult to wake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

L3 4 physiological changes of NREM stage 3

A

Heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature continue to drop
Breathing continues to be slow and steady

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

L3 Duration of NREM stage 4

A

20 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

L3 What waves are in NREM stage 4

A

50%+ Delta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

L3 What happens to stage 3 and 4 as the night progresses?

A

Les and less time is spent in stages 3 and 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

L3 3 characteristics of NREM stage 4

A

Deepest stage of sleep
Difficult to wake
Sleep walking, sleep talking, night terrors and bed wetting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

L3 A physiological change of NREM stage 4

A

Completely relaxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

L3 REM sleep dreaming

A

Most dreaming occurs in REM sleep (dreams are more vivid, easier to remember and having a narrative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

L3 Paradoxical sleep

A

REM sleep

Internal functioning more active than during NREM however sleeper is totally relaxed and appears paralysed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

L3 Physiological change in REM sleep

A

While dreaming, heart rate and respiratory rate increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

L3 What happens in REM sleep?

A

Consolidating and embedding new memories by strengthening newly formed neural connection

May serve an important biological need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

L4 Dreaming

A

A physiologically and psychologically conscious state that occurs during sleep and is often characterised by a rich array of sensory, motor, emotional and other experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

L4 3 characteristics when woken just before REM sleep

A

Anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

L4 Psychodynamic theories of dreaming was based on

A

Theory of sigmund freud

55
Q

L4 Psychodynamic theories of dreaming reasoning

A

Dreams represent wish fulfilment and unconscious desires

Dreams represent unconscious desires and conflicts disguised as symbols

56
Q

L4 Psychodynamic theories of dreaming manifest content

A

What the dream is really about but also has letent content - hidden meaning

57
Q

L4 Parts of unconscious mind

A

Id, ego, super ego

58
Q

L4 role of id

A

Basic, primal wants and desires

59
Q

L4 role of ego

A

Moderates and negotiates

60
Q

L4 role of super ego

A

Rules and order

61
Q

L4 What theory is the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

A

Neurobiological theory of dreams

62
Q

L4 Activation-synthesis hypothesis was proposed by

A

Harvard University psychiatrist

John Allen Hobson, Robert McCarley 1977

63
Q

L4 Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Why do we dream?

A

Dreams are created by changes in neuron activity that activates the brainstem during REM sleep

64
Q

L4 Activation-synthesis hypothesis

How do we dream?

A

Chemicals activate the nerves of the brainstem shift and change -> triggers brain activity that activates memories that come to the to the surface during periods of light REM sleep
Activation is the physiological activity of the brain
Synthesis is the cerebral cortex trying to make sense of neural activity by creating a story

65
Q

L4 Sleep hygiene

A

Habits that people have that help them to have a good night sleep (appropriate duration)

66
Q

L4 Good sleep hygiene

A
  1. Regular bedtime + awakening time schedule
  2. Regular / relaxing bedtime routine
  3. Sleep in a dark, quiet, comfortable and cool room
  4. Bedroom only for sex and sleep
  5. Finish eating at least 2-3 hours prior
  6. Avoid caffeine within 6hrs / alcohol + smoking within 2hrs
  7. Exercise regularly
  8. Avoid naps
  9. Go to bed only when sleepy
  10. Designate other time to write down problems
  11. After 10-15mins of not being able to sleep, go to another room to read or watch TV until sleepy
67
Q

L4 Sleep phenomena

A

Any observable experiences which occur during sleep

More common in childhood and early adolescence

68
Q

L4 What are nightmares?

A

Bad or frightening dreams

69
Q

L4 When does nightmares occur?

A

REM sleep

70
Q

L4 2 characteristics of nightmares

A

Good recall of experience and able to calm down and return to sleep

71
Q

L4 What are night terrors?

A

Sudden awakening from sleep in extremely distressed state

72
Q

L4 Reaction after night terror

A 
May wake screaming
Wake in a state of panic
Terrified expression
Dilated pupils
Speak incoherently
Difficult to console
73
Q

L4 When does night terrors occur?

A

Stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep

74
Q

L4 Differences between night terrors and nightmares

A

NM more frequent than NT
NM more likely to be remembered than NT
NT is usually more upsetting than NM
NM is more likely to occur in the REM (sleep paralysis), whereas NT happens in stage 3 or 4 NREM (violent movements can occur)

75
Q

L4 Similarities between nightmares and night terrors?

A

Both occur in sleep
Both associated with a fear response
Both more likely in children

76
Q

L4 What are sleep disorders?

A

Any sleep problem that disrupts the normal NREM and REM sleep cycle

77
Q

L4 What are the 2 types of sleep disorders?

A

Dysomnia and Parasomina

78
Q

L4 What is dyssomnia?

A

Consistent problems with falling asleep, staying asleep or timing sleep

79
Q

L4 What is parasomnia?

A

Engaging in abnormal activities or tasks while initiating sleep or during sleep

80
Q

L4 What type of sleeping disorder is sleepwalking/somnambulism??

A

Parasomnia

81
Q

L4 Duration, characteristics, when in sleepwalking/somnambulism

A

5-10 Minutes
Difficult to wake + speech is often incoherent/ poor coodorination
Stage 3 and 4 NREM

82
Q

L4 What is sleepwalking/somnambulism?

A

Involves walking while asleep and sometimes conducting routine activities

83
Q

L4 What type of sleep disorder is sleep talking/somniloquism

A

Parasomnia

84
Q

L4 Sleep talking/somniloquism characteristics

A

Occurs in NREM and REM sleep
Involves verbalisation
Very common

85
Q

L4 What sleep disorder is insomnia?

A

Dyssomnia

86
Q

L4 What are the two types of insomnias?

A

Sleep onset insomnia: can’t go to sleep

Sleep maintenance insomnia: can’t stay asleep

87
Q

L4 Symptoms of insomnia

A

Not sleeping after trying for 30 mins
Waking for periods longer than 30 mins
Consistently reduced amount of sleep

88
Q

L4 Causes of sleep disorders

A

Physiological: medical problems, pain, alcohol, drug use
Psychological: stress, fear, anxiety

89
Q

L4 Treatments for sleeping disorders

A

Short term: medication
Dealing with underlying casue
Exercise and develop behavioural routines (sleep hygiene)

90
Q

L4 What is hypersomnia?

A

Excessive sleepiness or sleep of excessive duration

12hrs or more sleep per day

91
Q

L4 Causes of hypersomnia

A

Insomnia, depression, substance abuse, sleep apnoea

92
Q

L4 Treatments for hypersomnia

A

Dealing with underlying cause

93
Q

L5 What are the 2 sleep theories?

A

Restorative theory

Survival theory of sleep

94
Q

L5 What is the restorative theory of sleep?

A

Sleep allows for the body to recover and replenish the energy used throughout the day

Sleep increases immunity to diseases and helps increase alertness and consolidates information

95
Q

L5 Why is NREM and REM sleep important in restorative theory of sleep?

A

NREM: important for restoring body
REM: important for restoring mind and imbedding memories

96
Q

L5 Evidence for restorative theory of sleep (3)

A

Ultramarathon runners and post-race sleep requirements (need more sleep to recover)
Growth hormone secreted at a greater rate
Sleep lab: rats die from the breakdown of body tissue within 3 weeks when deprived of sleep

97
Q

L5 Criticisms for restorative theory of sleep (2)

A

What is actually restored? What restoration is carried out in sleep that cannot be carried out during the day?

The assumption that more sleep is required to recover when physically active is flawed. What about less active and disabled people

98
Q

L5 What is the survival theory?

A

Sleep has evolved to enhance the survival of organisms by making it inactive during their most vulnerable times of the day.

While asleep: less active and less likely to attract predators
Conserves energy
Sleep depends on need to find food/ vulnerability of predator

99
Q

L5 Partial Sleep deprivation

A

Sleeping for some time but not getting a sufficient amount of sleep

100
Q

L5 Total sleep deprivation

A

Not sleeping at all

101
Q

L5 Selective sleep deprivation

A

Not getting enough of a particular type of sleep (REM/NREM)

102
Q

L5 Chronic sleep deprivation

A

Loss of sleep over a prolonged period of time

103
Q

L5 Acute sleep deprivation

A

No sleep for a short time period

104
Q

L5 Informed consent

A 
Goals
Method
Risks
Rights
Signed (also)
Guardian
If
Vulnerable
105
Q

L5 Psychological effects of sleep deprivation

A

Impaired memory
Hallucinations
Difficultly making decisions

106
Q

L5 Physiological effects of sleep deprivation

A

Droopy eyelids
Sleepiness and fatigue
Impaired coordination
Inability to fight disease

107
Q

L5 effects of loss of REM sleep

A

Poorer memory function
REM rebound
More aggressive

108
Q

L5 effects of loss of NREM sleep

A

Hinder growth because growth hormone released during NREM

Hinder restoration of body (cuts)

109
Q

L5 Sleep recovery

A

Total time sleep increase
Fall asleep faster than usual
REM rebound: experiencing more REM after REM deprivation
Improvement in mood, cognitive performance and physiological response

110
Q

L5 Sleep debt

A

Difference between amount of sleep needed and amount of sleep actually gotten

111
Q

L5 What are the long lasting effects of prolonged sleep deprivation

A

None, during the sleep deprivation individual, may face depression, hallucinations, delusions and paranoia however once the individual catches up on less sleep and reset the biological clock the symptoms disappear

112
Q

L6 Meditation

A

The practice of turning your attention to a single point of reference

113
Q

L6 Meditation can involve focus on:

A

Breathing, mantra and bodily sensations

Turn attention away from distractions to present moment

114
Q

L6 Research for meditation

A

Neurological research uses brain scans to see what happens when individuals meditate

115
Q

L6 Meditation studies

A

Meditation-based interventions can reduce rumination and worries (which can lead to anxiety and depression)

Interventions have led to favourable structural changes in the brain.

The 8-week training program led to a significant increase in cortical thickness and a significant reduction in psychological indices.

Meditation based interventions can target neurocognitive mechanisms of addiction

116
Q

L6 Hypnosis

A

An altered state of consciousness of increased suggestibility that a person may experience after being given instructions that suggests they will enter this condition

117
Q

L6 What can hypnosis be used for

A

Overcoming bad habits

118
Q

L6 Qualified person who uses hypnosis is called…

A

Hypnotherapist

119
Q

L6 What percentage of people are extremely susceptible to hypnosis

A

15%

120
Q

L6 What percentage of people are highly resistant to hypnosis

A

10%

121
Q

L6 People who are more susceptible to hypnosis tend to…

A

More vivid images in mind
become completely focussed and is not distracted
believe and expect hypnosis to work

122
Q

L6 Characteristics of hypnotised people… (4)

A

Quiet and still
Open to suggestion
Focussed attention (on hypnotherapists voice)
Planning and decision-making is suspended

123
Q

L6 2 suggestibility phenomena

A

Post-hypnotic amnesia

Post-hypnotic suggestion

124
Q

L6 What is post-hypnotic amnesia?

A

Hypnotised person is instructed to forget what happened during session on “awakening”
May also be due to person expecting amnesia to occur

125
Q

L6 What is post-hypnotic suggestion

A

Hypnotised person is told how to respond in certain situations when “awakened”
Can be used to break bad habits

E.G hate the taste of cigarettes

126
Q

L6 What is the stanford hypnotic suggestibility scale?

A

Measure which indicates how deeply a person is hypnotised

quantitative + objective

127
Q

L6 Uses of hypnosis

A 
Pain control
Treatment of skin issues
Breaking bad habits
Weight loss
Phobias
Memory
Sporting performance
128
Q

L6 State theory

A

Proposes hypnotic state of consciousness does exist and is seperate from the normal waking state of consciousness

129
Q

L6 non-state theory

A

Proposes that hypnosis is not a seperate state of consciousness, with the person being influenced by the social setting

130
Q

L6 Points agains hypnosis

A

Due to obedience (asked by a person of authority)
Placebo effect
Social role: behaviouring how they are expecting to behave
Inconclusive data

131
Q

L6 False memory on association

A

An extension of suggestibility phenomena

Suggests a false event to a participant (who may be hypnotised) and they will believe it really happened

132
Q

L6 What can hypnosis result in the creation of

A

Creating of false memories and more likely to belive the accuracy

133
Q

L6 Why is their caution on the use of hypnosis

A

Against the use of hypnosis as a tool to recover possible unremembered trauma

134
Q

L6 What are microsleeps, how long do they last, what waves are involved and how many days of sleep deprivation is required?

A

Short period of NREM sleep that lasts for 30secs
Usually alpha and theta waves
People naturally drift into microsleeps after 3-4 days of sleep deprivation

Psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions