Sleep disorders Flashcards
Which neurotransmitters are involved in NREM sleep?
Galanin and GABA
Which neurotransmitters are involved in REM sleep?
Acetylcholine, GABA, glycine, dopamine
How does nicotine effect caffeine?
It reduces its half life by 30 - 50%
How long do sleep cycles last?
90 - 120 mins
How many REM cycles per night?
Usually 4 - 5
What is the 2 process model of sleep?
Both circadian rhythm (body clock) and homeostatic drive (sleepiness) drive sleep
Where are circadian rhythms generated?
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Summarise circadian rhythm
The SCN directly links to non-rod and non-cone retinal ganglion cells that detect light intensity. This controls all cellular clocks. Synchronisation occurs with external cues (zeitgebers)
- light is the most important sensor
What is narcolepsy?
A sleep switch disorder.
- Autoimmune condition due to loss of hypocretinergic neurons in the hypothalamus
Person loses the ability to decide when to sleep
What is cataplexy?
A sudden muscular weakness triggered by strong emotions (i.e. laughter, anger, surprise)
What is the difference between narcolepsy type 1 and 2?
Type 1 may experience cataplexy or CSF hypocretin < 110pg/ml
What is the first line of treatment for insomnia?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
- sleep diaries
- advice
