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Year 2 - neuroscience > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is the behavioural criteria for sleep?

A
  1. Stereotypic or species-specific posture
  2. Minimal movement
  3. Reduced responsiveness to external stimuli
  4. Reversible with stimulation – unlike coma, anaesthesia or death
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2
Q

What is the physiological criteria of sleep?

A

We can do different measurements to determine whether someone is sleeping. During sleep:

  1. An EEG can be done – brain activity
  2. An EOG can be done – eye movements
  3. An EMG can be done – muscle activity
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of sleep?

A

REM sleep and non REM sleep

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4
Q

What happens in the first two stages of sleep?

A

we start to see a change in the EEG (slowing down). The eye movements are suppressed and there is less muscle activity (slowing down on EOG and EMG).

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5
Q

How many stages of sleep are there and are they REM or non REM?

A

stage 1/2 - NREM
stage 3/4 - NREM (as no rapid eye movements)
stage 5 - REM

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6
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A
  • It is in REM sleep that you dream (but you can dream in parts of NREM sleep as well)
  • There are big changes in the EOG in stage 5 (these electrodes record the muscle activity of the eyes)
  • During stage 5, EMG activity is suppressed more – when you dream, you don’t want to act dreams out
  • HR and respiratory rate increase
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7
Q

How long is each sleep cycle?

A

90 mins so there are multiple per night, if you have lots of sleep you can have 4-6 cycles

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8
Q

What does the reticular activating system control?

A

consciousness - when it is active you are awake

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9
Q

Where is the reticular aactivating system?

A

starts in the brainstem and project upwards and influences the activity of the cerebral cortec

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10
Q

How can the RAS control the cerebal cortex?

A

directly or indirectly via the intralaminar nuclei in the hypothalamus

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11
Q

How is the hypothalamus involved in wakefulness/sleep?

A

The lateral hypothalamus promotes wakefulness (has the orexin/hypocretin system)

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus promotes sleep.
Both interact with RAS

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12
Q

What happens in a patient who has lost the neurones that secrete orexin?

A

They keep falling asleep

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13
Q

What is the circadian synchronization of sleep?

A

The SCN synchronizes sleep with light levels. Low light means sleep is stimulated. Direct projections go from the retina to the hypothalamus. Tells the brain whether it is day time or not. Ar night the SCN signals the pineal gland to increases melatonin production to induce sleep.

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14
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

  • psychiatric/neurological
  • neurological
  • somatic
A

Psychiatric and neurological
- Sleepiness, irritability, stress, mood fluctuations, depression, impulsivity, hallucinations

Neurological

  • Impaired attention, memory, executive function, risk of errors and accidents
  • Neurodegeneration – sleep problems can be a warning sign for neurodegenerative disease

Somatic -> CAN LEAD TO DEATH

  • Glucose intolerance
  • Reduced leptin/increased appetite -> obesity
  • Impaired immunity
  • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer
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15
Q

What happens after sleep loss?

A
  • Reduced latency to sleep onset
  • Increase of slow wave sleep (NREM)
  • Increase of REM sleep (after selective REM sleep deprivation)
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16
Q

What is the function of sleep?

A

Restoration and recovery – but active individuals do not sleep more

Energy conservation – 10% drop in BMR – but lying still is just as effective

Perhaps we are programmed for predator avoidance – but this doesn’t explain why sleep is so complex

Specific brain functions – memory consolidation

17
Q

When are dreams more easily recalled?

What are the contents of dreams and where is activity greatest during dreaming and what does this mean?

A
  • More easily recalled in REM sleep
  • Contents of dreams are more emotional than ‘real life’
  • Brain activity in the limbic system is higher than in frontal lobe during dreams – emotion/memory
18
Q

What are the potential functions of dreams?

A
  • Safety valve for antisocial emotions
  • Disposal of unwanted memories
  • Memory consolidation
19
Q

What are the causes of chronic insomnia?

A

Physiological e.g. sleep apnea (obstructive and central), chronic pain

Brain dysfunction e.g. depression, fatal familial insomnia, night working

20
Q

How is insomnia treated?

A

Most hypnotics (sleeping tablets) enhance GABAergic circuits -> inhibitory mechanisms

21
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A
  • Falling asleep repeatedly during the day and disturbed sleep during the night
  • Often linked with a condition called CATAPLEXY
  • Cataplexy: sudden, brief loss of voluntary muscle tone, often triggered by strong emotions e.g. laughter
  • Dysfunction of control of REM sleep
22
Q

Why may shift work be detrimental?

A
  • Night working causes physiological processes to become desynchronised
  • This can lead to sleep disorders and fatigue
  • Associated with an increased risk for some conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cancer
23
Q

What is the relationship between sleep and neurological diseases?

A

Neurological diseases and sleep are closely linked – there is interaction between a sleeping problem, the development of a neurological disease, and the impact that has on your sleep. TWO WAY

24
Q

What is Lewy body dementia?

A
  • In Lewy-body dementia (sleep disorder), patients can act out their dreams, often in a very violent way
  • Their partners will recall being punched in the middle of the night, as the patient is acting out the dream
  • Lewy-body disease can often pre-date the onset of other kinds of obvious dementia symptoms by years
25
Q

How can sleep quality be improved?

A
  • Establishing fixed times for going to bed/waking up
  • Creating a relaxing bedtime routine
  • Only going to bed when you feel tired
  • Maintaining a comfortable sleeping environment e.g. lighting
  • Not napping during the day – disrupts your normal cycle
  • Avoiding caffeine, nicotine and alcohol late at night
  • Avoiding eating a heavy meal late at night
  • Don’t use back-lit devices shortly before going to be

Year 2 - neuroscience (13 decks)

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