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Psychology > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

What is polysomnography?

A

An intensive study of a sleeping person involving simultaneous monitoring and recording of various physiological responses of the sleeper during the course of the night.

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2
Q

What is an advantage of polysomnographic studies?

A

They make precise observations and measurements during sleep without waking the person. They also monitor involuntary physiological responses and more complex behaviours.

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3
Q

What is sleep?

A

A regular occurrence of an Altered State of Consciousness that typically occurs naturally and is characterised by a loss of consciousness.

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4
Q

What is an electroencephalograph used for?

A

An EEG is used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of the brain, particularly during and dreaming.
The devise identifies the electrical impulses as waves, also known as brain waves.

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5
Q

What is an electromyograph?

A

An EMG is used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activities of muscles, which demonstrates changes in muscle activity (movement) and muscle tone (tension).

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6
Q

What is an electro-oculargraph?

A

An EOG is used to measure eye movement and positions by detecting, amplifying and recording the electrical activity in the eye muscles that control eye movement.

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7
Q

Explain heart rate and body temperature during sleep.

A

During sleep, both heart rate and core body temperature gradually drop as a person progresses from light sleep into deeper and deeper sleep, and gradually increase from deeper sleep to lighter sleep.

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8
Q

In terms of sleep, what is the most commonly used self report method? Explain.

A

A sleep diary is a self reported record of an individual’s sleep and waking time activities, usually over a period of several weeks.

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9
Q

What records are kept of in a sleep diary?

A

3 or more of these:

The time when trying to fall asleep
The time that sleep onset is believed to have occurred
The number, time and length of awakenings during sleep
The time of waking up in the morning
The time of getting up after waking up in the morning

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10
Q

The two states of sleep are known as:

A

Non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM sleep)

Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM sleep)

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11
Q

How long does one NREM cycle last?

A

Between 70 to 90 minutes.

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12
Q

Describe NREM sleep stage 1.

A

Occurs as a person drifts into and out of a true sleep state, gradually allowing a person to lose awareness of self and surroundings, but some of the time the person is aware of sound.

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13
Q

What physiological changes occur in Stage 1 NREM?

A

A decrease in heart rate, body temperature and muscle tension.

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14
Q

What is a hyping jerk?

A

A spasm that occurs in stage 1 NREM, as a result of muscles relaxing.

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15
Q

What brain waves are seen in stage 1 NREM sleep?

A

A decrease in alpha waves, and those being replaced by irregular frequency theta waves.

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16
Q

Describe NREM stage 2.

A

It is characterised as a light stage of sleep, and is said to be when a person is truly asleep.

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17
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

They are brief burst of higher frequency brain wave activity that appear periodically on an electroencephalograph. They indicate a person is truly asleep, that is stage 2 NREM sleep.

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18
Q

What are K complexes?

A

Bursts of low frequency and slightly higher amplitude waves in response to arousing stimuli, recorded by an electroencephalograph during Stage 2 NREM.

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19
Q

Describe NREM sleep stage 3.

A

Best called moderately deep sleep, it is the start of the deepest period of sleep. The individual is extremely relaxed and becomes less and less responsive to the outside world. When woken in this stage the person is groggy and disoriented.

20
Q

What happens to brain activity in NREM 3?

A

Reduction in the brains electrical activity, and delta waves begin to appear and make up 20-50% of brain waves. This marks the beginning of slow wave sleep.

21
Q

Describe NREM sleep stage 4.

A

It is the deepest stage of sleep, with delta waves dominating the electroencephalograph pattern and are slower and larger than those of stage 3.

22
Q

What is sleep inertia?

A

It is post awakening mental lag characterised by the person having poor memory of sleep events.

23
Q

What sleep phenomena is likely to occur in stages 3 and 4 of NREM?

A

Sleep walking, sleep talking and night terrors.

24
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

A period of rapid-eye-movement sleep during which the eyeballs rapidly move beneath the closed eyelids, darting back and forth and up and down in jerky movements.

25
Q

What brain waves are typically seen in REM sleep?

A

High frequency beta waves similar to those produced during alert wakefulness.

26
Q

Explain paradoxical sleep.

A

It is REM sleep, but refers to how internally the brain and body are active, yet externally the body appears calm and restful.

27
Q

What are the physiological signs of REM sleep?

A

Heart rate is faster and irregular, blood pressure rises, and breathing is quicker and irregular. However the sleeper is still relaxed.

28
Q

What is the sleep-wake cycle shift?

A

Occurring during adolescence, the time melatonin is released changes, resulting in the person being tired 1-2 hours later than usual.

29
Q

What is sleep debt?

A

Nightly sleep loss that accumulates to sleep being owed and needs to be made up.

30
Q

What is partial sleep deprivation?

A

Involves having less sleep than what is normally required.

31
Q

What is total sleep deprivation?

A

Involves a person not having any sleep at all that is required.

32
Q

List some side effects of partial sleep deprivation.

A 
Tiredness
Lack of energy
Lapses in attention
Inability to concentrate for large periods
Low motivation 
Loss of interest and enjoyment in previously enjoyed activities
Impaired motor skills
Irritability 
Head aches
33
Q

What happens with prolonged partial sleep deprivation?

A

A decline in ability to preform cognitive tasks
Slower reaction times with motor tasks
Irrational and illogical thinking
Difficulty with decision making and problem solving requiring creative thinking.

34
Q

Define sleep deprivation.

A

Going without sleep, that is, sleep loss.

35
Q

What side affects are linked with total sleep deprivation?

A 
Inability to maintain a constant body temperature.
Collapse of immune system.
Hand tremors
Drooping eyelids
Difficulty in focusing eyes
Lack of strength and energy
Slurred speech
Increased pain sensitivity
36
Q

What are the effects of prolonged total sleep deprivation?

A 
Anxiety disorders 
Depression 
Hallucinations 
Delusions
Paranoia
37
Q

Define microsleep.

A

A very short period of drowsiness or sleeping that occurs while the person is apparently awake.

38
Q

What are restorative theories?

A

Theories that propose that sleep provides ‘time out’ to help a person recover from depleting activities during waking time that use up the body’s physical and mental resources.

39
Q

What are the suggested restorative effects of REM and NREM sleep?

A

NREM is believed to be important for restoring and repairing the body, while REM is believed to restore the brain and may have a role in higher mental functions such as learning and memory.

40
Q

What supports the restorative theories?

A

Physical growth, tissue repair occurs during NREM sleep as a result of growth hormone being largely secreted at this time, as well as REM sleep being more abundant in the developing foetus and infants than the subsequent lifespan stages.

41
Q

What is REM rebound?

A

Involves catching up on REM sleep immediately following a period of lost REM sleep by spending more time than usual in REM while next asleep.

42
Q

What are survival theories on sleep?

A

Theories proposing that sleep evolved to enhance survival by protecting the organism through making it inactive during part of the day it is most risky or dangerous to move about.

43
Q

Strengths of the survival theories?

A

Humans sleep at night because we are highly visual animals who need light and food for survival. We are not adapted to search for food in the dark or protecting ourselves from nocturnal predators.

44
Q

Weakness of the survival theories?

A

They do not explain why sleep involves a loss of awareness, since loss of consciousness puts the organism at greater risk.

45
Q

Limitations on the restorative theories?

A

If restoration was the function of sleep it would be expected that a physically disabled person confined to a bed would need less sleep than a physically active person. This is not the case.

46
Q

What is a sleep laboratory?

A

A place where sleep is researched, often attached to public or private hospitals.

Psychology (3 decks)

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